About the Author
Prof.[Rtd.] Dr. Rai Anand Krishna needs no introduction to the world of Indian Art and Culture. On this father Rai Krishnadasa's rich foundation, he structured his own creativity, experience of study, research and publication in this field. His creativity goes back to 1944 [a long span of six decades]; his tradition continues even to the next generation. His accessible and kind personality makes him a standing humanist dear to a whole generation of Indian art students [who consider him his guru] as well as his scholar friends.
These students and friends now an intimate part of the 'Krishna Family' have in course of time carved for themselves a niche in their respectives fields and are today among the outstanding scholars of Indian Art around the world.
This unique volume is a compliation of articles contributed by these colleagues, friends and students- all Indian art specialists from the length and breadth of the world. They have come together by contributing interesting finds of their fields to form this book-offering which constitutes a landmark in this Ananda-Vana of Indian Art, that is ' The Forest of Bliss of Indian Art'.
Covering a time span from centuries prior to the beginning of Christian Era to the modern times,i.e. almost 2000 years, this book embraces almost every facet of Indian Art, such as architecture, scupture, textile, decorative arts, folk and modern art, sociology and culture.
Enriched with over 500 Spectacular colour and black and white relevant illustrations, this scholarly book, unprecedented in style will not only be a source of information both textually and visually for the academics, but will also be of great interest to every person fascinated by the general or specialized study of Indian Art.
Felicitation volumes [Hindi- Abhinandana Granth] are not only meant to 'felicitate' an accomplished person, but also a moment when all friends, colleagues and students come together to revive old shared sentiments and associations in their own way to express their appreciation for the contributions made by their mentor. Surprisingly, an Abhinandana granth brings forward the usually veiled sentiments of the chelas towards their Guru. Similarly, thisAbhinandana granth / felicitation volume in honour of our father and Guru is an effort to bring together the eminent intellectuals who at some course of time or the other have interacted with him.
Professor Rai Anand Krishna [known to his intimates as Raja Bhaiya] is a well-known art and museum expert; his creativity goes back to 1944: a long span of six decades. His own experience has its solid foundation in his illustrious father Padmavibhushana Rai Krishnadasa's intimate knowledge and deep involvement in these areas. He grew up with the distinguished art collection of Bharat Kala Bhavan [the renowned Indian Art Museum in Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, which was founded by Rai Krishnadasaji] and under the shadow of top Hindi litterateurs, painters, musicians et al., a solid base which he later enriched with his own experience. Besides hi own contribution in the fields of Indian painting, sculpture and decorative ['minor'] arts, he has significantly contributed to the world of Indian Classical music and musicology. His immense and deep knowledge of not only Indian art and heritage but also every facet of human culture and his accessible and kind personality make him a standing humanist dear to a whole generation of Indian art students who considered him his guru.
During the last 50-70 years, at his different homes, first at Ramghat, later Sita Nivas and today Krishna Kutir/Amethi Kothi, it has always been an 'Ananda-vana' ['Forest of Joy'] for all scholars and students of Indian art, literature and music. The expression Ananda-vana refers to one of the nomenclatures of ancient Varanasi, the 'Forest of Joy' or 'Eternal Bliss' blessed by Lord Shiva's presence, where the Lord, fountainhead of all arts and sciences, lives and occasionally plays on his veena and dances in ecstasy. The living culture of the city is characterised by the playful involvement of litterateurs, musicians and artists, as evinced in the present case by Dr. Anand Krishna.
The doors to interact and share dialogue were always open for all. Over the years many academics, either colleagues or students, have intermingled and exchanged notes and benefited from the satsang [learned company] of Anand Krishna ji. These former students and friends, now a part of the 'Krishna family', have in course of time carved for themselves a place in their respective fields and stand today among the most prominent scholars of Indian art around the world.
This project was primarily initiated by the Department of History, Banaras Hindu University [B.H.U.], but for one or more reasons could not take off. It was in 1999-2000 that we decided to revive this matter. We approached the' alumni' with' our' idea. It was welcomed with open arms, and to our encouragement everybody warmly co-operated and helped in every way she/he could. A plea was conveyed to contribute a 'short note' on any discovery or re-assessment made by each scholar in her/his particular field. To our delight, a wide range of themes, from art to architecture, from history to culture, from general issues to specialised ones were collected; the articles also encompass a time span from BCE to modern times.
Very amicably each member of this 'Krishna family' recounted her/his first meeting with Anand Krishna ji and the imprint he left on him/her. Each contribution emerges like a breath of fresh air and gives a new thought and direction to the discussed issues. We are sure that this volume will prove a treasury of knowledge both for all those who are professionally associated with these fields, as for the general readers with an interest in Indian art and culture.
We tried our best to change the recent Indian tradition of indefinitely delaying the publication of Felicitation Volumes. Yet, unlike the fashion prevalent abroad, each contributor was to be honoured and well received in accordance with their intimate bond with the Krishna family until the designing stage of the volume. As the result, we treated this project like an Indian daughter's marriage.
Being tied up with their professional commitments, some scholars took their own time; but we are grateful that despite all odds this Volume sees its completion today. Please believe us, it has not been easy to co-ordinate over 55 contributors from the length and breadth of the world! Accordingly, we are very regretful for the inconveniences caused to the' members' who earnestly submitted their 'flowers' for this' garland', but as it appeared from their encouraging and sometimes 'annoyed' letters, they realized our dilemma. Co-ordinating 55 articles being designed uniquely implies a big editorial work of international standard, dealing with illustrations and endnotes, etc. We request the readers to be kind enough not to give too much attention to the inevitable small mistakes that are present.
We regret the case of Dr. Catherine Glyn, who withdrew her contribution due to some editorial reasons. We apologise to many other our contributors, who kindly submitted to us their new discoveries in time; however, due to delay from our side, these were published elsewhere in different forms before this Volume was printed. We would like to heartily thank all the researchers, collectors and donors associated with the 'Krishna family' for their offerings, which has made possible this garland of contributions in honour of Dr. Anand Krishna.
Editors Preface | 7 | ||
Funding acknowledgements | 9 | ||
Introduction: Milo Beach | Rai Anand Krishna: A Brief Biography | 13 | |
Map | 33 | ||
I | BCE To 11th CENTURY | ||
1 | Vidula Jayaswal | Ashokan Pillars: Medium, Chiseling and Composition | 35 |
2 | Naman Ahuja | Further Studies Towards a Definition of the Style of Early Historic Terracottas from the Indo-Gangetic Divide | 47 |
3 | R.C. Sharma | Genesis of Buddhist Art at Mathura | 59 |
4 | Wladimir Zwalf | Sultanganj's Early Document | 71 |
5 | Walter M. Spink | A New Vakataka Chronology | 83 |
6 | Michael W. Meister | Discoveries on the Indus | 95 |
7 | Maruti Nandan P. Tiwari | Landmarks of Jaina Iconography | 103 |
8 | Shashi Kant Pathak | Tapasvini Parvati in the National Museum Collection | 115 |
9 | Pratapaditya Pal | An Unusual Pala Devi Image in the Nortan Simon Museum | 123 |
10 | Terese Tse Bartholomew | Some Daoist Deities and their Indian Prototypes | 131 |
11 | Darielle Mason | A Tenth- Century Wooden Door From Rajasthan | 139 |
12 | D.C. Bhattacharya | Unexplored Textual Glimpse of Hariti | 147 |
13 | Binoy Sahai | Identifiacation of Five Unique Painting from Central Asia Preserved in the National Museum, New Delhi | 155 |
14 | O.P. Aggarwal & N. Wickramsinghe | Materials and Techinque of Painting in the Tivanka Image House, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka | 163. |
15 | P.K. Agrawala | Some Observations on the Phislosophy of Painting as Found in an Early Medieval Vastu Text 171 | |
16 | Kamal Giri | Samavasarana in Jaina Art | 183 |
II | 11th to 19th CENTURY | ||
17 | Harsha H. Dehejia | A Philosopher's Taxnomy of Shiva Parvati Images | 191 |
18 | Devangana Desai | The Newly Excavated Bijamandala Temple at Khajuraho | 199 |
19 | Robert Del Bonta | Thoughts on Jaina Paintings in San Francisco Bay Area Collections | 211 |
20 | Vishakha N. Desai | Shringara, Viraha and the Rasikapriya | 219 |
21 | Lalit Kumar | Two Rare Paintings on Birch Bark in the Churpanchashika Style | 227 |
22 | John Guy | Indian Cotton Textile- A Radical Re-Dating: India, Southeast Asia And The Textile Trade | 235 |
23 | Ziyauddin A. Desai | A Seventeenth Century Calligraphic Masterpiece | 247 |
24 | Som Prakash Verma | Portraits of OrdinaryMen from the 16th Century Mughal School | 255 |
25 | Amita V. Sarin | Identification of Portraits of Birbal: Akbar's 'Spiritual companion' | 263 |
26 | Amina Okada | Remarks on the Portraits of Holy men in Mughal Painting | 275 |
27 | Pramod Chandra | Notes on Malwa Painting | 283 |
28 | Shridhar Andhare | LokaPurusha: Jaina Paintings of the three Workds | 291 |
29 | Bhanwar Lal Bhandani | Indra Sarovar Dam: In service of the Royal Faimly Deity and the People | 299 |
30 | Amit Ambalal | A Vijnaptipatra Dated 1666 from Diu | 311 |
31 | v Andrew Topsfield | A Dispersed Ragamalafrom the Deccan | 319 |
32 | Naval Krishna | Illustrations on a Janadhar in Jodhpur fort in the Earliest Phase of the Marwar Painting Style? | 331 |
33 | Catherine B. Asher | Mughal Regional Centres in Eastern India | 343 |
34 | Molly Emma Aitken | Portraits, Gifts Giving and the Rajput Alliance of 1708 | 355 |
35 | Monika Horstmann | A Theological Statement by Krishnadeva Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya | 367 |
36 | Rattan Parimoo | Interpreting a Pahari Painting: Rasamanjari or Rasikapriya Inverting a Metaphor | 375 |
37 | Gauri Parimoo Krishnan | An Unusual Cloth Painting from the Pahari Region in the collection of the Asian Civilization Museum, Singapore | 387 |
38 | Stephen A. Markel | A New Masterwork by Mir Kalan Khan | 399 |
39 | B.N. Goswamy & Eberhard Fischer | The Painter, the Queen and the Mole: Notes on a Newly-Discovered Painting about an Oft-told Tale | 411 |
40 | Hiram H. Woodward jr. | Copper alloy water jars and the Pilgrimage sites of Banaras | 419 |
41 | D.B. Kshirsagar | Sangeet Prakash of Udaipur Riyasat | 431 |
42 | S.C. Welch | A Golconda Artist at Basohli | 439 |
43 | Anamika Pathak | Some Rare Ivory Miniatures from the National Museum Collection, New Delhi | 447 |
III | 20th CENTURY and Moderns Age | ||
44 | Kenneth X. Robbins | Medals of the Indian Princely States | 455 |
45 | T.K. Biswas | Abanindranath, Sailendranath and Rai Krishnadasa: reference Meghaduta Painting | 471 |
46 | Anjan Chakraverty | Ustad Mulchand as a Litho Artist | 483 |
47 | Frederick M. Asher | An Architect of Makrana | 495 |
48 | Alka patel | The Goddess and Modernity | 503 |
49 | Stephen P. Huyler | Sonabai: An Innovative Artistic Legacy | 515 |
50 | Mary C. Lanius | From Ritual to Retail | 527 |
51 | Lotika Varadarajan | Craft as Activity or Activity as Craft: The Case of Minicoy | 535 |
52 | Mary-ann Milford-Lutzker | City of Desires: Performance and Interactive Art in Mumbai | 547 |
53 | Joan Cummins | Ignoring the Icon: Ritual in a Modern Sun Temple | 563 |
54 | David Gordon White | The Goddess in the Tree: Reflections on Nim-Tree Shrines in Varanasi 575 | |
55 | Deen Bandhu Pandey | Reconsidering A.K. Coomaraswamy's Interpretations of some of the Verses of the Alekhyakarma of the Abhilashitarthachintamani | 587 |
56 | Neeta Kumar | Do Real Men Cry? Love, Gender and Seasonality in Songs from India | 595 |
About the Author
Prof.[Rtd.] Dr. Rai Anand Krishna needs no introduction to the world of Indian Art and Culture. On this father Rai Krishnadasa's rich foundation, he structured his own creativity, experience of study, research and publication in this field. His creativity goes back to 1944 [a long span of six decades]; his tradition continues even to the next generation. His accessible and kind personality makes him a standing humanist dear to a whole generation of Indian art students [who consider him his guru] as well as his scholar friends.
These students and friends now an intimate part of the 'Krishna Family' have in course of time carved for themselves a niche in their respectives fields and are today among the outstanding scholars of Indian Art around the world.
This unique volume is a compliation of articles contributed by these colleagues, friends and students- all Indian art specialists from the length and breadth of the world. They have come together by contributing interesting finds of their fields to form this book-offering which constitutes a landmark in this Ananda-Vana of Indian Art, that is ' The Forest of Bliss of Indian Art'.
Covering a time span from centuries prior to the beginning of Christian Era to the modern times,i.e. almost 2000 years, this book embraces almost every facet of Indian Art, such as architecture, scupture, textile, decorative arts, folk and modern art, sociology and culture.
Enriched with over 500 Spectacular colour and black and white relevant illustrations, this scholarly book, unprecedented in style will not only be a source of information both textually and visually for the academics, but will also be of great interest to every person fascinated by the general or specialized study of Indian Art.
Felicitation volumes [Hindi- Abhinandana Granth] are not only meant to 'felicitate' an accomplished person, but also a moment when all friends, colleagues and students come together to revive old shared sentiments and associations in their own way to express their appreciation for the contributions made by their mentor. Surprisingly, an Abhinandana granth brings forward the usually veiled sentiments of the chelas towards their Guru. Similarly, thisAbhinandana granth / felicitation volume in honour of our father and Guru is an effort to bring together the eminent intellectuals who at some course of time or the other have interacted with him.
Professor Rai Anand Krishna [known to his intimates as Raja Bhaiya] is a well-known art and museum expert; his creativity goes back to 1944: a long span of six decades. His own experience has its solid foundation in his illustrious father Padmavibhushana Rai Krishnadasa's intimate knowledge and deep involvement in these areas. He grew up with the distinguished art collection of Bharat Kala Bhavan [the renowned Indian Art Museum in Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, which was founded by Rai Krishnadasaji] and under the shadow of top Hindi litterateurs, painters, musicians et al., a solid base which he later enriched with his own experience. Besides hi own contribution in the fields of Indian painting, sculpture and decorative ['minor'] arts, he has significantly contributed to the world of Indian Classical music and musicology. His immense and deep knowledge of not only Indian art and heritage but also every facet of human culture and his accessible and kind personality make him a standing humanist dear to a whole generation of Indian art students who considered him his guru.
During the last 50-70 years, at his different homes, first at Ramghat, later Sita Nivas and today Krishna Kutir/Amethi Kothi, it has always been an 'Ananda-vana' ['Forest of Joy'] for all scholars and students of Indian art, literature and music. The expression Ananda-vana refers to one of the nomenclatures of ancient Varanasi, the 'Forest of Joy' or 'Eternal Bliss' blessed by Lord Shiva's presence, where the Lord, fountainhead of all arts and sciences, lives and occasionally plays on his veena and dances in ecstasy. The living culture of the city is characterised by the playful involvement of litterateurs, musicians and artists, as evinced in the present case by Dr. Anand Krishna.
The doors to interact and share dialogue were always open for all. Over the years many academics, either colleagues or students, have intermingled and exchanged notes and benefited from the satsang [learned company] of Anand Krishna ji. These former students and friends, now a part of the 'Krishna family', have in course of time carved for themselves a place in their respective fields and stand today among the most prominent scholars of Indian art around the world.
This project was primarily initiated by the Department of History, Banaras Hindu University [B.H.U.], but for one or more reasons could not take off. It was in 1999-2000 that we decided to revive this matter. We approached the' alumni' with' our' idea. It was welcomed with open arms, and to our encouragement everybody warmly co-operated and helped in every way she/he could. A plea was conveyed to contribute a 'short note' on any discovery or re-assessment made by each scholar in her/his particular field. To our delight, a wide range of themes, from art to architecture, from history to culture, from general issues to specialised ones were collected; the articles also encompass a time span from BCE to modern times.
Very amicably each member of this 'Krishna family' recounted her/his first meeting with Anand Krishna ji and the imprint he left on him/her. Each contribution emerges like a breath of fresh air and gives a new thought and direction to the discussed issues. We are sure that this volume will prove a treasury of knowledge both for all those who are professionally associated with these fields, as for the general readers with an interest in Indian art and culture.
We tried our best to change the recent Indian tradition of indefinitely delaying the publication of Felicitation Volumes. Yet, unlike the fashion prevalent abroad, each contributor was to be honoured and well received in accordance with their intimate bond with the Krishna family until the designing stage of the volume. As the result, we treated this project like an Indian daughter's marriage.
Being tied up with their professional commitments, some scholars took their own time; but we are grateful that despite all odds this Volume sees its completion today. Please believe us, it has not been easy to co-ordinate over 55 contributors from the length and breadth of the world! Accordingly, we are very regretful for the inconveniences caused to the' members' who earnestly submitted their 'flowers' for this' garland', but as it appeared from their encouraging and sometimes 'annoyed' letters, they realized our dilemma. Co-ordinating 55 articles being designed uniquely implies a big editorial work of international standard, dealing with illustrations and endnotes, etc. We request the readers to be kind enough not to give too much attention to the inevitable small mistakes that are present.
We regret the case of Dr. Catherine Glyn, who withdrew her contribution due to some editorial reasons. We apologise to many other our contributors, who kindly submitted to us their new discoveries in time; however, due to delay from our side, these were published elsewhere in different forms before this Volume was printed. We would like to heartily thank all the researchers, collectors and donors associated with the 'Krishna family' for their offerings, which has made possible this garland of contributions in honour of Dr. Anand Krishna.
Editors Preface | 7 | ||
Funding acknowledgements | 9 | ||
Introduction: Milo Beach | Rai Anand Krishna: A Brief Biography | 13 | |
Map | 33 | ||
I | BCE To 11th CENTURY | ||
1 | Vidula Jayaswal | Ashokan Pillars: Medium, Chiseling and Composition | 35 |
2 | Naman Ahuja | Further Studies Towards a Definition of the Style of Early Historic Terracottas from the Indo-Gangetic Divide | 47 |
3 | R.C. Sharma | Genesis of Buddhist Art at Mathura | 59 |
4 | Wladimir Zwalf | Sultanganj's Early Document | 71 |
5 | Walter M. Spink | A New Vakataka Chronology | 83 |
6 | Michael W. Meister | Discoveries on the Indus | 95 |
7 | Maruti Nandan P. Tiwari | Landmarks of Jaina Iconography | 103 |
8 | Shashi Kant Pathak | Tapasvini Parvati in the National Museum Collection | 115 |
9 | Pratapaditya Pal | An Unusual Pala Devi Image in the Nortan Simon Museum | 123 |
10 | Terese Tse Bartholomew | Some Daoist Deities and their Indian Prototypes | 131 |
11 | Darielle Mason | A Tenth- Century Wooden Door From Rajasthan | 139 |
12 | D.C. Bhattacharya | Unexplored Textual Glimpse of Hariti | 147 |
13 | Binoy Sahai | Identifiacation of Five Unique Painting from Central Asia Preserved in the National Museum, New Delhi | 155 |
14 | O.P. Aggarwal & N. Wickramsinghe | Materials and Techinque of Painting in the Tivanka Image House, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka | 163. |
15 | P.K. Agrawala | Some Observations on the Phislosophy of Painting as Found in an Early Medieval Vastu Text 171 | |
16 | Kamal Giri | Samavasarana in Jaina Art | 183 |
II | 11th to 19th CENTURY | ||
17 | Harsha H. Dehejia | A Philosopher's Taxnomy of Shiva Parvati Images | 191 |
18 | Devangana Desai | The Newly Excavated Bijamandala Temple at Khajuraho | 199 |
19 | Robert Del Bonta | Thoughts on Jaina Paintings in San Francisco Bay Area Collections | 211 |
20 | Vishakha N. Desai | Shringara, Viraha and the Rasikapriya | 219 |
21 | Lalit Kumar | Two Rare Paintings on Birch Bark in the Churpanchashika Style | 227 |
22 | John Guy | Indian Cotton Textile- A Radical Re-Dating: India, Southeast Asia And The Textile Trade | 235 |
23 | Ziyauddin A. Desai | A Seventeenth Century Calligraphic Masterpiece | 247 |
24 | Som Prakash Verma | Portraits of OrdinaryMen from the 16th Century Mughal School | 255 |
25 | Amita V. Sarin | Identification of Portraits of Birbal: Akbar's 'Spiritual companion' | 263 |
26 | Amina Okada | Remarks on the Portraits of Holy men in Mughal Painting | 275 |
27 | Pramod Chandra | Notes on Malwa Painting | 283 |
28 | Shridhar Andhare | LokaPurusha: Jaina Paintings of the three Workds | 291 |
29 | Bhanwar Lal Bhandani | Indra Sarovar Dam: In service of the Royal Faimly Deity and the People | 299 |
30 | Amit Ambalal | A Vijnaptipatra Dated 1666 from Diu | 311 |
31 | v Andrew Topsfield | A Dispersed Ragamalafrom the Deccan | 319 |
32 | Naval Krishna | Illustrations on a Janadhar in Jodhpur fort in the Earliest Phase of the Marwar Painting Style? | 331 |
33 | Catherine B. Asher | Mughal Regional Centres in Eastern India | 343 |
34 | Molly Emma Aitken | Portraits, Gifts Giving and the Rajput Alliance of 1708 | 355 |
35 | Monika Horstmann | A Theological Statement by Krishnadeva Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya | 367 |
36 | Rattan Parimoo | Interpreting a Pahari Painting: Rasamanjari or Rasikapriya Inverting a Metaphor | 375 |
37 | Gauri Parimoo Krishnan | An Unusual Cloth Painting from the Pahari Region in the collection of the Asian Civilization Museum, Singapore | 387 |
38 | Stephen A. Markel | A New Masterwork by Mir Kalan Khan | 399 |
39 | B.N. Goswamy & Eberhard Fischer | The Painter, the Queen and the Mole: Notes on a Newly-Discovered Painting about an Oft-told Tale | 411 |
40 | Hiram H. Woodward jr. | Copper alloy water jars and the Pilgrimage sites of Banaras | 419 |
41 | D.B. Kshirsagar | Sangeet Prakash of Udaipur Riyasat | 431 |
42 | S.C. Welch | A Golconda Artist at Basohli | 439 |
43 | Anamika Pathak | Some Rare Ivory Miniatures from the National Museum Collection, New Delhi | 447 |
III | 20th CENTURY and Moderns Age | ||
44 | Kenneth X. Robbins | Medals of the Indian Princely States | 455 |
45 | T.K. Biswas | Abanindranath, Sailendranath and Rai Krishnadasa: reference Meghaduta Painting | 471 |
46 | Anjan Chakraverty | Ustad Mulchand as a Litho Artist | 483 |
47 | Frederick M. Asher | An Architect of Makrana | 495 |
48 | Alka patel | The Goddess and Modernity | 503 |
49 | Stephen P. Huyler | Sonabai: An Innovative Artistic Legacy | 515 |
50 | Mary C. Lanius | From Ritual to Retail | 527 |
51 | Lotika Varadarajan | Craft as Activity or Activity as Craft: The Case of Minicoy | 535 |
52 | Mary-ann Milford-Lutzker | City of Desires: Performance and Interactive Art in Mumbai | 547 |
53 | Joan Cummins | Ignoring the Icon: Ritual in a Modern Sun Temple | 563 |
54 | David Gordon White | The Goddess in the Tree: Reflections on Nim-Tree Shrines in Varanasi 575 | |
55 | Deen Bandhu Pandey | Reconsidering A.K. Coomaraswamy's Interpretations of some of the Verses of the Alekhyakarma of the Abhilashitarthachintamani | 587 |
56 | Neeta Kumar | Do Real Men Cry? Love, Gender and Seasonality in Songs from India | 595 |