From the JacketIn India recollection of Previous Lives is a common feature in the histories of the saints and heroes of sacred tradition. The doctrine of transmigration, since the later Vedic period, has played such an important part in the history of the national character and religious ideas that even Buddhist literature has included the ages of the past as an authentic background to the founder's historical life as gautama. Jataka stories or birth-legends were widely known in the third century B.C. The pali work, entitled "The Jataka" contains 537 Birth stories of the Buddha's former births. Each story, narrated by the Buddha, opens with a preface relating the particular circumstance s in the Buddha's life, revealing some events in the long series of his precious existences as a bodhisattva. At the end the Buddha identifies the different actors in the story in their present births. These stories magnify the glory of the Buddha and illustrate Buddhist doctrines and precepts by appropriate examples. The foremost interest of these legends lies in their relation to folklore giving a vivid picture of the social life and customs of ancient India.
About the Book:
In India recollection of previous lives is a common feature in the histories of the saints and heroes of sacred tradition. The doctrine of transmigration, since the later Vedic period, has played such an important part in the history of the national character and religious ideas that even Buddhist literature has included the ages of the past as an authentic background to the founder's historical life as Gautama. Jataka stories or birth legends were widely known in the third century B.C. The Pali work, entitled "The Jataka" contains 537 Birth-stories of the Buddha's former births. Each story, narrated by the Buddha, opens with a preface relating the particular circumstances in the Buddha's life, revealing some events in the long series of his previous existences as a bodhisattva. At the end the Buddha identifies the different actors in the story in their present births. These stories magnify the glory of the Buddha and illustrate Buddhist doctrines and precepts by appropriate examples. The foremost interest of these legends lies in their relation to folklore giving a vivid picture of the social life and customs of ancient India.
The famous translations of the Jataka Stories from Pali edited by Prof.E.B. Cowell are now once again being made available to the general public in three volumes.
Vol 1.
CONTENTS
PREFACE
- APANNAKA-JATAKA
(Two merchants travel with caravans across a desert. One, beguiled by goblins, throws away his drinking-water in the desert and is devoured with all his people and cattle; the other completed his journey safety.)
- VANNUPATHA-JATAKA
(Travelling across a desert, a caravan through mistake thrown away its water, &c. In their despair the leader has a well dug, till far down water is found, and perseverance saves the caravan from death.)
- SERIVANIJA-JATAKA
(Two hawkers are successively offered by its unwitting owners a golden bowl. The greedy hawker over-reaches himself, whilst the honest one is richly-rewarded.)
- CULLAKA-SETTHI-JATAKA
(A Young man picks up a dead mouse which he sells, and works up this capital till he becomes rich.)
- TANDALUNALI-JATAKA
(An incompetent valuer declares 500 horses worth a measure of rice, which measure of rice in turn he is led to declare worth all Benares.)
- DEVADHAMMA-JATAKA
(Two princes going down to a haunted pool are seized by an ogre; the third, by correctly defining 'godlike' saves his brothers.)
- KATTHAHARI-JATAKA
(A king refuses to recognize his son by a chance amour; the mother throws the child into the air, praying that, if he be not the king's son, he may be killed by his fall. The child rests in mid-air, and the king recognizes him as his son.)
- GAMANI-JATAKA
- MAKHADEVA-JATAKA
(A king, finding a grey hair in his head, renounces his throne to prepare as a hermit for death.)
- SUKHAVIHARI-JATAKA
(A king who becomes a Brother proclaims the happiness he has found.)
- LAKKHANA-JATAKA
- NIRGRODHAMIGA-JATAKA
(Deer in a royal park, to avoid being hunted, decide that lots shall be cast to select a daily victim. The lot having fallen on a doe big with young, the king of the deer offers himself as a substitute at the block and saves not only his own life but also the lives of all living creatures.)
- KANDINA-JATAKA
(A mountain-stag, enamoured of a doe, is by her allowed to fall a prey to a hunter; the doe escapes.)
- VATAMIGA-JATAKA
(By a bait of honeyed grass a wild antelope is lured by slow degrees into a place.)
- KHARADIYA-JATAKA
(A deer which would not come to be taught the ruses of deer, is caught in a trap.)
- TIPALLATTHMIGA-JATAKA
(A deer which had learnt the ruses of deer, being caught in a snare, effects its escape.)
- MALUTA-JATAKA
(A tiger and a lion dispute whether it is the dark or the light half of the month which is cold.)
- MATAKABHATTA-JATAKA
(A goat, which was to be sacrificed by a Brahmin, shows signs of great joy and of great sorrow. It explains the reason for each emotion.)
- AYACITABHATTA-JATAKA
(Offering sacrifice to get release from a vow, is not true 'Release.')
- NALAPANA-JATAKA
(Thirsty monkeys came to a pool haunted by an ogre. Their leader miraculously blows the knots out of canes and with these the monkeys safely slake their thirst.)
- KURUNGA-JATAKA
(A hunter up a tree throws down fruits to lure a deer within aim. The deer detects the artifice and escapes.)
- KUKKURA-JATAKA
(Carriage-straps having been gnawed by palace dogs, a king orders all other dogs to be killed. The leader of a peck of dogs reveals the truth by causing an emetic to be applied to the royal dogs of the palace.)
- BHOJAJANIYA-JATAKA
(A changer falls wounded when his rider has captured six out of seven kings. Seeing that a hack is being saddled in his place, the charger asks to be saddled again, makes a last effort and dies in the hour of victory.)
- AJANNA-JATAKA
(A story similar to the above about two chariot horses, one of whom is wounded and is about to be replaced by a sorry beast.)
- TITTHA-JATAKA
(A royal refuses to take his bath because a hack had bathed at the spot.)
- MAHILAMUKHA-JATAKA.
(An elephent listening to robbers' talk, kills his mahout; by listening to virtuous converse he becomes good again.)
- ABHINHA-JATAKA
(An elephant, missing his playmate, the dog, refuses to eat until the dog is restored to him.)
- NANDIVISALA-JATAKA
(How by incivil words to his bull a Brahmin lost a bet, which by civility to the animal he afterwards won.)
- KANHA-JATAKA
(How a bull drew 500 carts in order to earn money for his poor mistress.)
- MUNIKA-JATAKA
(A hard-worked ox is discontented with his own hard fare, when he sees a lazy pig being fattened to be eaten; and the discontented ox accepts his position.)
- KULAVAKA-JATAKA
(Through the practice of goodness tending to the diminution of crime in his village, a man is falsely accused by the headman and sentenced to be trampled to death by elephants. The elephants refuse to harm him. Being released, he builds a caravansary, in which good work (against his wish) three out of four of his wives take part. At death he is reborn as Sakka. His three good wives are reborn in heaven. He seeks out the fourth and exhorts her to goodness. As a crane she refuses to eat a fish which shewed signs of life; reborn a woman, she is eventually born a Titan and espoused by Sakka.)
- NACCA-JATAKA
(The animals choose kings. The daughter of the king of the birds (the Golden Mallard) chooses the peacock for her husband. In dancing for joy the peacock exposes himself and is rejected.)
- SAMMODAMANA-JATAKA
(Quails caught in a net, rise up in a body with the net and escape several times. After a time they quarrel and are caught.)
- MACCHA-JATAKA
(An uxorious fish being caught, fears his wife may misconstrue his absence. A Brahmin sets him free.)
- VATTAKA-JATAKA
(A baby-quail is about to be engulfed in a jungle-fire, when by an 'Act of Truth' he quenches the flames round him.)
- SAKUNA-JATAKA
(A tree in which birds dwell is grinding its boughs together and beginning to smoke. The wise birds fly away; the foolish ones are burnt.)
- TITTIRA-JATAKA
(A partridge, a monkey and an elephant living together, decide to obey the senior. To Prove seniority each gives his earliest recollection.)
- BAKA-JATAKA
(A crane by pretending that he was taking them to a big lake, devours all the fish of a pond. A wise crab nips the bird's head off.)
- NANDA-JATAKA
(How a slave was made to tell where his master's father had buried his hoard.)
- KHADIRANGARA-JATAKA
(In order to stop a Treasurer from giving aims to a Pacceka Buddha, Mara interposes a yawing gulf of fire. Undaunted, the Treasurer steps forward, to be borne up by a lotus from which he tenders his aims to Mara's discomfiture.)
- LOSAKA-JATAKA
(How a Brother through jealous greed was condemned to rebirths entailing misery and hunger. Finally, when reborn a man, he is deserted by his parents and brings suffering on those around him. On board ship, he has to be cast overboard; on a raft he comes to successive island palaces of goddesses, and eventually to an ogre-island where he seizes the leg of an ogress in form of a goat. She kicks him over the sea to Benares, and he falls among the king's goats. Hoping to get back to the goddesses, he seizes a goat by the leg, only to be seized as a thief and to be condemned to death.)
- KAPOTA-JATAKA
(A pigeon lives in a kitchen. A greedy crow makes friends with him, and, being also housed in the kitchen, plans an attack on the victuals. The crow is tortured to death, and the pigeon flies away.)
- VELUKA-JATAKA
(A man rears a viper, which in the end kills its benefactor.)
- MAKASA-JATAKA
(A mosquito settles on a man's head. To kill it, his foolish son strikes the man's head with an axe with fatal effect.)
- ROHINI-JATAKA
(Like the last; a pestle takes the place of the axe.)
- ARAMADUSAKA-JATAKA
(Monkeys employed to water a pleasaunce pull up the trees in order to judge by the size of the roots how much water to give. The trees die.)
- VARUNA-JATAKA
(Seeing customers whet their thirst with salt, a young potman mixes salt in the spirits for sale.)
- VEDABBHA-JATAKA
(Captured by robbers, a Brahmin makes treasure rain from the sky; a second band kills him because he cannot repeat the miracle. Mutual slaughter leaves only two robbers with the treasure. One poisons the other's food and is himself slain by his fellow.)
- NAKKHATTA-JATAKA
(A chaplain thwarts a marriage on the ground that the day fixed is unlucky. The bride is given to another.)
- DUMMEDHA-JUTAKA
(To put a stop to sacrifices of living creatures, a king vows to offer a holocaust of such as take life, &c. Sacrifices cease.)
- MAHASILAVA-JATAKA
(A good king meets evil with good. Refusing to sanction war, he is captured and buried alive in a charnel-grove. How he escapes the jackals, acts as umpire for ogres, and regains his sovereignty.)
- CULAJANAKA-JATAKA
- PUNNAPATI-JATAKA
(Rascals drug spirits for purposes of robbery. Their intended victim discovers the plot became they do not drink the liquor themselves.)
- PHALA JATAKA
(How in defiance of warnings greedy fellows ate a poisonous fruit. How their leader knew it must be poisonous though it looked exactly like al mango.)
- PANCAVUDHA-JATAKA
(How Prince Five-weapons fought the ogre Hairy-grip, and, though defeated, subdued the ogre by fearlessness.)
- KANCANAKKHANDHA-JATAKA
(A farmer finds a heavy nuggest of gold. By cutting it up into four pieces, he is able to carry it away.)
- VANARINDA-JATAKA
(How the crocodile lay on a rock to catch the monkey, and how the latter outwitted the crocodile.)
- TAYODHAMMA-JATAKA
(A monkey gelds all his male offspring. One escapes; the father, seeking to kill him, sends his son to an ogre-haunted pool. By cleverness the son escapes death.)
- BHERIVADA-JATAKA
(A drummer by too much drumming is plundered by robbers in a forest.)
- SAMKHADHAMANA-JATAKA
(A similar story about a conch blower.)
- ASATAMANTA-JATAKA
(The wickedness of women shewn by the endeavour of a hag to kill her good son in order to facilitate an intrigue with a youth.)
- ANDABHUTA-JATAKA
(Another story of the innate wickedness of women. A girl is bred up from infancy among women only, without ever seeing any man but her husband. The story of her intrigue with a lover and of her deceits toward her husband.)
- TAKKA-JATAKA
(A wicked princess seduces a hermit who devotes himself to her. Being carried off by a robber chief, she lures the hermit to her new home in order that he may be killed. His goodness saves him and her ingratitude destroys her.)
- DURAJANA-JATAKA
(Wives a bar to the higher life.)
- ANABHIRATI-JATAKA
(Women common to all.)
- MUDULAKKHANA-JATAKA
(How a hermit fell in love and was cured.)
- UCCHANGA-JATAKA
(A woman's husband, son and brother are condemned to death. Being offered a choice which she will save, she chooses her brother and gives the reason.)
- SAKETA-JATAKA
(Why a Brahmin and his wife claimed the Buddha as their son.)
- VISAVANTA-JATAKA
(A viper bites a man and refuses under threat of death to such out the poison.)
- KUDDALA-JATAKA.
(Private property a bar to the higher life. Conquest over self the highest conquest. Sakka builds a monastery for a sage and a converted people.)
- VARNA-JATAKA
(How a lazy fellow, who picked green boughts for firewood, hurt himself and inconvenienced others.)
- SILAVANAGA-JITAKA
(The story of the good elephant and the ungrateful man.)
- SACCAMKIRA-JATAKA
(The ingratitude of a prince, and the gratitude of a snake, a rat and a parrot.)
- RUKKHADHAMMA-JATAKA
(Union is strength, among trees as among men.)
- MACCHA-JATAKA
(How the good fish ended a drought and saved his kinsfolk.)
- ASMKIYA-JATAKA
(A caravan is saved by a wakeful hermit from being looted.)
- MAHASUPINA-JATAKA
(Sixteen wonderful dreams and their interpretations.)
- ILLISA-JATAKA
(How a miser was cured by his father reappearing on earth and distributing the son's wealth in the exact semblance of the son.)
- KHARASSARA-JATAKA
(A village headman privily incites robbers to carry off the taxes collected for the king.)
- BHIMASENA-JATAK
(A valiant dwarf and a cowardly giant. The dwarf does the work, and the giant gets the credit. The giant's growing pride is brought low in the face of danger; the dwarf is honoured.)
- SURAPANA-JATAKA
(The effects of strong drink on hermits.)
- MITTAVINDA-JATAKA
- KALAKANNI-JATAKA
(Not the name but the heart within makes the man.)
- ATTHASSADVARA-JATAKA
(The paths to spiritual welfare.)
- KIMPAKKA-JATAKA
- SILVIMAMSANA-JATAKA
(The Brahmin who stole in order to see whether he was esteemed for goodness or otherwise. The good cobra.)
- MAMGALA-JATAKA
(The folly of superstitious belief in omens and the like.)
- SARAMBHA-JATAKA
- KUHAKA-JATAKA
(The hypocritical hermit who stole the gold, but punctiliously returned a straw which was not his.)
- AKATANNU-JATAKA
(A merchant is befriended by a merchant in another country, but refuses to return the service. The revenge taken by the good merchant's servants.)
- LITTA-JATAKA
(A sharper swallows dice which had been poisoned in order to teach him a lesson.)
- MAHASARA-JATAKA
(A queen's jewels are stolen by monkeys. Certain innocent persons confess to the theft. How the monkeys are proved to be the real culprits, and how the jewels are recovered.)
- VISSASABHOJANA-JATAKA
(A lion's fatal passion for a doe.)
- LOMAHAMSA-JATAKA
(The futility of ascetic self-mortification.)
- MAHASUDASSANA-JATAKA
(How king Sudassana died.)
- TELEPATTA-JATAKA
(A prince wins a kingdom by resisting the fascinations of lovely ogresses. A king who yields, is eaten, with all his household.)
- NAMASIDDHI-JATAKA
(Discontented with his name, a youth travels till he learns that the name does not make the man.)
- KUTAVANIJA-JATAKA
(A rogue is hidden in a hollow tree, to feign to be the Tree-sprite who is to act as umpire in a dispute. A fire lighted at the bottom of the tree exposes the chest.)
- PAROSAHASSA-JATAKA
(A Brahmin dies and states his spiritual attainments in a formula which only one of his pupils understands.)
- ASTARUPA-JATAKA
(A beleaguered city is captured by cutting off supplies of water and firewood.)
- PAROSATA-JATAKA
- PANNIKA-JATAKA
(No test his daughter's virtue, a man makes love to her.)
- VERI-JATAKA
(A merchant rejoices that he has outstripped robbers and reached his home in safety.)
- MITTAVINDA-JATAKA
- DUBBALAKATTHA-JATAKA
(An elephant having escaped from the trainer's goad, lives in constant dread.)
- UDANCANI-JATAKA
(A young hermit, seduced by a girl, is disenchanted by the number of errands she makes him run.)
- SALITTAKA-JATAKA
(A skilful marksman reduces a talkative Brahmin to silence by flicking pellets of goat's dung down the latter's throat.)
- BAHIYA-JATAKA
(Occasional decency a passport to greatness.)
- KUNDAKAPUVA-JATAKA
(A Tree-sprite, whose worshipper feared his gift was too mean, asks for the gift and rewards the poor man by revealing the site of a buried hoard of money.)
- SABBASAMHARAKA-PANHA
- GADRABHA-PANHA
- AMARADEVI-PANHA
- SINGALA-JATAKA
(Being belated in a city, a jackal, by a lying promise to reveal buried treasure, induces a Brahmin to carry him safety out of the city. The greedy Brahmin reaps only indignities from the ungrateful beast.)
- MITACINTI-JATAKA
(Of three fishes, two through folly are caught in a net; the third and wiser fish rescues them.)
- ANUSASIKA-JATAKA
(A greedy bird, after cunningly warning other birds against the dangers of the high road on which she found food, is herself crushed to death by a carriage on that road.)
- DUBBACA-JATAKA
(Being in liquor, an acrobat undertakes to jump more javelins than he can manage, and is killed.)
- TITTIRA-JATAKA.
(A busybody is killed for his chatter by a jaundiced man; and the piping of a partridge attracts the hunter who kills it.)
- VATTAKA-JATAKA
(A quail, being caught by a fowler, starves itself till no one will buy it, and in the end escapes.)
- AKALARAVI-JATAKA
(A cock which crowed in and out of season has its neck wrung.)
- BANDHANAMOKKHA-JATAKA
(A queen, who had committed adultery with sixty-four footmen and failed in her overtures to the chaplain, accuses the latter rape. He reveals her guilt and his own innocence.)
- KUSANALI-JATAKA
(A grass-sprite and a tree-sprite are friends. The former saves the latter's tree from the axe by assuming the shape of a chameleon and making the tree look full of holes.)
- DUMMEDHA-JATAKA
(Being jealous of his elephant, a king seeks to make it fall over a precipice. The elephant flies through the air with its mahout to another and more appreciative master.)
- NANGALISA-JATAKA
(A stupid youth, being devoted to his teacher, props up the latter's bed with his own leg all night long. The grateful teacher yearns to instruct the dullard and tries to make him compare things together. The youth sees a likeness to the shaft of a plough in a snake, an elephant, sugar-cane and curds. The teacher abandons all hope.)
- AMBA-JATAKA
(In time of drought, a hermit provides water for the animals, who in gratitude bring him fruit enough for himself and 500 others.)
- KATAHAKA-JATAKA
(A slave, educated beyond his station, manages by forging his master's name to marry a rich wife in another city. He gives him self airs till his old master comes, who, while not betraying the slave, teaches the wife verses whereby to restrain her husband's arrogance.)
- ASILAKKHANA-JATAKA
(Effects of two sneezes. One lost a sword-tester his nose, whilst the other won a princess for her lover.)
- KALANDUKA-JATAKA
(A slave like the one in No.125 is rebuked for arrogance to his wife by a parrot who knew him at home. The slave is recaptured.)
- BILARA-JATAKA
(A jackal under guise of saintliness, eats rats belonging to a troop with which he consorts. His treachery is discovered and avenged.)
- AGGIKA-JATAKA
(A similar story about rats and a jackal whose hair had all been burnt off except a top-knot which suggested holiness.)
- KOSIYA-JATAKA
(The alternative of the stick or a draught of nauseous fifth cures a wife of feigned illness.)
- ASAMPADANA-JATAKA
(A benefactor is reputed by the man he had befriended. Hearing of this ingratitude, the king gives all the ingrate's wealth to the benefactor, who refuses to take more than his won.)
- PANCAGARU-JATAKA
(Like No.96. The King is thankful to have passed through great perils to great dominion.)
- GHATASANA-JATAKA
(Because the waters of his lake were befouled by birds roosting in an overhanging tree, a Naga darts flames among the boughs. The wise birds fly away; the foolish stay and are killed.)
- JHANASODHANA-JATAKA
- CANDABHA-JATAKA
- SUVANNAHAMSA-JATAKA
(The father of a family dies, leaving his family destitute. Being reborn a bird with golden plumage, and discovering the condition of his family, the father gives them a feather at a time to sell. The widow in her greed plucks all his feathers out, only to find that they are gold no more.)
- BABBU-JATAKA
(A mouse caught by successive cats buys them off by daily rations of meat. In the end, the mouse, ensconced in crystal, defies the cats, who dash themselves to pieces against the unseen crystal.)
- GODHA-JATAKA
(A hermit tries to vain to catch a lizard to eat.)
- UBHATOBHATTHA-JATAKA
(A fisherman, having hooked a snag, and thinking it a monster fish, wishes to keep it all to himself. How he lost his clothes and his eyes, and how his wife was beaten and fined)
- KAKA-JATAKA
(A wanton crow having befouled the king's chaplain, the later prescribes crows fat for the burns of the king's elephants. The leader of the crows explains to the king that crows have no fat and that revenge alone prompted the chaplain's prescription.)
- GODHA-JATAKA
(A chameleon betrays a tribe of iguanas to a hunter.)
- SIGALA-JATAKA
(In order to catch a jackal, a man pretends to be dead. To try him, the jackal tugs at the man's stick and finds his grip tighten.)
- VIROCANA-JATAKA
(A jackal, after attending a lion in the chase, imagines he can kill a quarry as well as the lion. In essaying to kill an elephant, the jackal is killed.)
- NANGUTTHA-JATAKA
(A Votary of the God of Fire, having a cow to sacrifice to his deity, finds that robbers have driven it off. If the god, he reflects cannot look after his own sacrifice, how shall be protect his votary?)
- RADHA-JATAKA
(A Brahmin asks two parrots to keep an eye on his wife during his absence. They observe her misconduct and report it to the Brahmin, without essaying the hopeless task of restraining her.)
- KAKA-JATAKA
(A hen crow having been drowned in the sea, other crows try to bale the sea out with their beaks.)
- PUPPHARATTA-JATAKA
(In order to have smart holiday attire, a wife makes her husband break into the royal conservatories. Being caught and impaled, he has only the one grief that his wife will not have her flowers to wear.)
- SIGALA-JATAKA
(A jackal eats his way into a dead elephant's carcass and cannot get out.)
- EKAPANNA-JATAKA
(By the analogy of a poisonous seedling, a wicked prince is reformed.)
- SANJIVA-JATAKA
(A youth, who has learnt the charm for restoring the dead to life, tries it on a tiger, with fatal effects to himself.)
Vol. 2
CONTENTS
- RAJOVADA-JATAKA
Two kings, both wise and good, meet in a narrow way, and a dispute arises who is to give place. Both are of the same age and power. Their drivers sing each his master's praises. One is good to the good, and bad to the bad; the other repays evil with good. The first acknowledges his superior, and gives place.
- SINGALA-JATAKA
The Bodhisatta is a young lion, one of seven brothers; a jackal propose love to his sister. Six of the brothers set out to kill the jackal, but seeing him as he lies in a crystal grotto, imagine him to be in the sky, leap up and kill themselves. The Bodhisatta roars, and the jackal dies of fear.
- SUKARA-JATAKA
A boar challenges a lion to fight; and then in fear wallows amid filth until he smells so foul that the lion will not come near him, but owns himself vanquished rather than fight with him.
- URAGA-JATAKA
A Garula chases a serpent, which taking the form of a jewel, fixes himself upon an ascetic's garment, and by this means wins safety.
- GAGGA-JATAKA
How a goblin had power over all people who did not wish each other well at a sneeze, and how he was foiled.
- ALINA-CITTA-JATAKA
An elephant runs a thorn into its foot; it is tended by some carpenters, and serves them out of gratitude. His young one takes his place afterwards, and is bought by the king for a large sum. How on the king's death, it routs a hostile host, and saves the kingdom for the king's infant son.
- GUNA-JATAKA
A jackal rescues a lion, who out of gratitude makes him a friend. The lioness is jealous of the she-jackal; then the whole matter is explained, and maxims given in praise of friendship.
- SUHANU-JATAKA
Two savage horses, that maltreat all other of their kind, strike up a sudden friendship with each other, than illustrating the proverb, 'Birds of a feather.'
- MORA-JATAKA
How a peacock kept itself safe by reciting spells; how its mind was disturbed by hearing the female's note, and it was caught; how the king desired to eat it, but the peacock discoursed such good divinity that he was stayed; and finally the bird was set free again to return to the mountains.
- VINILAKA-JATAKA
A bird, the offspring of a goose with a crow, is being carried by his father's two other sons to see him, but is arrogant and compares them to horses that serve him; so he is sent back again.
- INDASAMANAGOTTA-JATAKA
How a man kept a fat elephant, which turned against him and trampled him to death.
- SANTHAVA-JATAKA
How a man had his horse burnt by reason of the great offerings which he made to his sacred fire.
- SUSIMA-JATAKA
How a lad whose hereditary right it was to manage a festival, journeyed 2000 leagues in a day, learnt the ceremonial, and returned in time to conduct the ceremony.
- GIJJHA-JATAKA
About a merchant who succoured some vultures, and they in return stole cloths and other things and brought
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