The next circle contains the eight dharmachakras that refer to the historical Buddha setting the wheel of the teachings into motion. Letters between the wheels indicate various deities.

Next is the water element circle, in blue color, containing wavelike ripples. The yellow-colored ring following it denotes the element earth.

Let us now consider the square area at the center of the mandala. Lines connecting the opposite corners of the square create four triangles of equal size. The point where their apexes meet is none other than the center of the mandala. Each of the triangle corresponds to one of the cardinal directions, and displays its characteristic color. In Tibetan paintings, the east - which is black - always occupies the bottom part. Each of the four outer sides of the square is interrupted in the middle by a T-shape. These are 'entrance gates,' since the square in the mandala is none other than a building or the ground plan of a palace.

Housed at the center of this palace is an eight-petalled lotus flower. The eight stylized petals refer to the Buddha's Noble Eightfold Path of the Aryas or righteous beings, which comprises of:

1. Right Understanding
2. Right Thought
3. Right Speech
4. Right Action
5. Right Livelihood
6. Right Effort
7. Right Mindfulness
8. Right Concentration

Meditation on this mandala will help the practitioner imbibe and follow the Buddha's Eightfold path of spiritual perfection, the sure way to Ultimate Enlightenment, or Nirvana.

This thangka painting was created by the monk-artist Ram Bdr. Lama, at the Lama Thanka Painting School in Bhaktapur, Kathmandu.

Of Related Interest:

Journey to Nirvana

Nirvana Incense

Buddha : A Hero's Journey to Nirvana

Buddha Birth to Nirvana

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Unveiling the Divine Art: Journey into the Making of Thangkas

A Thangka is a traditional Tibetan Buddhist painting that usually depicts a Buddhist Deity (Buddha or Bodhisattva), a scene, or a mandala. These paintings are considered important paraphernalia in Buddhist rituals. They are used to teach the life of the Buddha, various lamas, and Bodhisattvas to the monastic students, and are also useful in visualizing the deity while meditating. One of the most important subjects of thangkas is the Bhavacakra (the wheel of life) which depicts the Art of Enlightenment. It is believed that Thangka paintings were developed over the centuries from the murals, of which only a few can be seen in the Ajanta caves in India and the Mogao caves in Gansu Province, Tibet. Thangkas are painted on cotton or silk applique and are usually small in size. The artist of these paintings is highly trained and has a proper understanding of Buddhist philosophy, knowledge, and background to create a realistic and bona fide painting.

The process of making a thangka begins with stitching a loosely woven cotton fabric onto a wooden frame. Traditionally, the canvas was prepared by coating it with gesso, chalk, and base pigment.

After this, the outline of the form of the deity is sketched with a pencil or charcoal onto the canvas using iconographic grids. The drawing process is followed in accordance with strict guidelines laid out in Buddhist scriptures. The systematic grid helps the artist to make a geometrical and professional painting. When the drawing of the figures is finalized and adjusted, it is then outlined with black ink.

Earlier, a special paint of different colors was made by mixing powdered forms of organic (vegetable) and mineral pigments in a water-soluble adhesive. Nowadays, artists use acrylic paints instead. The colors are now applied to the sketch using the wet and dry brush techniques. One of the characteristic features of a thangka is the use of vibrant colors such as red, blue, black, green, yellow, etc.

In the final step, pure gold is coated over some parts of the thangka to increase its beauty. Due to this beautification, thangkas are much more expensive and also stand out from other ordinary paintings.

Thangka paintings are generally kept unrolled when not on display on the wall. They also come with a frame, a silken cover in front, and a textile backing to protect the painting from getting damaged. Because Thangkas are delicate in nature, they are recommended to be kept in places with no excess moisture and where there is not much exposure to sunlight. This makes them last a long time without their colors fading away. Painting a thangka is an elaborate and complex process and requires excellent skills. A skilled artist can take up to 6 months to complete a detailed thangka painting. In earlier times, thangka painters were lamas that spent many years on Buddhist studies before they painted.