One of the most abiding images in Indian art is that of
Krishna the flautist
standing with his legs crossed at the ankles and playing the flute. It is
also extremely popular in Indian literature and parallels have been drawn
with the classical myth of Orpheus. Indeed, the figure of the fluting
Krishna has fired the imagination of both the poet and the artist, who have
continued to glorify him in their works even to the present day.
Some scholars speculate that the idea of a fluting Krishna derives from that
of the lonely shepherd who plays his bamboo flute (venu) while tending his
flock. While other cowherders of Braj hold a shepherd's staff, Krishna's
staff is also his flute. He, however, does not play upon it to please the
cows, but to charm the gopis or the cowherdesses. Metaphorically, he is, of
course, the supreme being, the great soul (param-atma), into which the
individual soul (atma) represented by the gopis, will merge, drawn by the
enchanting music of his flute. He is thus the great ocean into which all
rivers must eventually lose their identities.
In this wood sculpture from a temple workshop in the Salem district of
Tamil Nadu, the god is shown standing in his characteristic pose
on a central lotus, with his right hip thrust out. He has four arms. While
the two principal ones hold the flute to his lips, coaxing divine melodies
out of it, the upper arms support a wheel (chakra) on the
right and the sacred conch on the left. These are of course the classic
attributes of Lord Vishnu and hence this image makes Krishna's
identification with Vishnu unambiguous.
Beneath the central larger figure of Krishna are carved out two smaller
females, representing his two wives - Rukmani and Satyabhama, both of whom
dance to his tune. The contrast between the figure of Krishna and his two
consorts identifies him as a person of cosmic proportions. The highly
decorated tree, cut through to create a bejewelled lacy design,
and whose intertwined leafy and flowering branches form a canopy
above his head, further expresses his cosmic nature.
Sculpting Serenity: Unveiling the Art of Crafting Wood Statues
Wood has been a preferred material for sculptures and statues since ancient times. It is easy to work with than most metals and stones and therefore requires less effort to shape it into any desired shape or form. The texture of the wood gives an element of realism to the sculpture. The selection of an appropriate wood type is necessary for carving. Woods that are too resinous or coniferous are not considered good for carving as their fiber is very soft and thus lacks strength. On the other hand, wood such as Mahogany, Oakwood, Walnut wood, Weet cherry wood, etc., are preferred by sculptors because their fiber is harder.
A wood sculptor uses various tools such as a pointed chisel in one hand and a mallet in another to bring the wood to the desired measurement and to make intricate details on it. A carving knife is used to cut and smooth the wood. Other tools such as the gouge, V-tool, and coping saw also serve as important tools in wood carving. Although the wood carving technique is not as complex and tough as stone carving or metal sculpting, nonetheless, a wood carver requires a high level of skills and expertise to create a stunning sculpture.
1. Selecting the right wood
The process of wood carving begins with selecting a chunk of wood that is required according to the type and shape of the statue to be created by the sculptor. Both hardwoods and softwoods are used for making artistic pieces, however, hardwoods are preferred more than softer woods because of their durability and longevity. But if heavy detailing is to be done on the statue, wood with fine grain would be needed as it would be difficult to work with hardwood.
2. Shaping the wood
Once the wood type is selected, the wood carver begins the general shaping process using gouges of various sizes. A gouge is a tool having a curved cutting edge which is useful in removing large unwanted portions of wood easily without splitting the wood. The sculptor always carves the wood across the grain of the wood and not against it.
3. Adding detailing
When a refined shape of the statue is obtained, it is time for making details on the statue using different tools. This is achieved by using tools such as a veiner to make and a V-tool to create decorative and sharp cuts.
4. Surface finishing
Once finer details have been added, the sculptor is ready to smoothen the surface and give it a perfect finish. Tools such as rasps and rifflers are used to get a smooth surface. The finer polishing is obtained by rubbing the surface with sandpaper. If a textured surface is required, this step is skipped. Finally, to protect the statue from excessive dirt accumulation, the sculptor applies natural oils such as walnut or linseed oil all over it. This also brings a natural sheen to the statue.
How to care for Wood Statues?
Wood is extensively used in sculpting especially in countries like China, Germany, and Japan. One feature that makes the wood extremely suitable for making statues and sculptures is that it is light and can take very fine detail. It is easier for artists to work with wood than with other materials such as metal or stone. Both hardwoods, as well as softwood, are used for making sculptures. Wood is mainly used for indoor sculptures because it is not as durable as stone. Changes in weather cause wooden sculptures to split or be attacked by insects or fungus. The principal woods for making sculptures and statues are cedar, pine, walnut, oak, and mahogany. The most common technique that sculptors use to make sculptures out of wood is carving with a chisel and a mallet. Since wooden statues are prone to damage, fire, and rot, they require proper care and maintenance.
- Wood tends to expand and contract even after it has been processed, thus it is always recommended to keep the wooden sculptures in rooms with little humidity. Excess moisture can harm your masterpiece.
- Periodical dusting of the finished piece is necessary to maintain its beauty as dust accumulation on the surface takes away the shine of the sculpture. You can use a clean and soft cloth or a hairbrush for this purpose.
- You must avoid applying any chemical-based solutions that may damage the wood from the inside. Instead, you can apply lemon oil or coconut oil using a cotton rag to the sculpture to bring out its natural shine. Lemon oil also helps to clean any stains on the sculpture.
- Applying a layer of beeswax protects the wood from sun damage and hides even the smallest imperfections on the wood.
It is extremely important to preserve and protect wooden sculptures with proper care. A little carelessness and negligence can lead to their decay, resulting in losing all their beauty and strength. Therefore, a regular clean-up of the sculptures is a must to prolong their age and to maintain their shine and luster.