At the time of country's Independence in 1947, India opted for the policy of Non-alignment keeping in view the national requirements and international milieu in the era of Cold War between the two superpowers of the time, in afterwards, especially in post-Nehru and post-Indira regimes due to complexes of India's relations with China and Pakistan, the earlier strong image of India went on decline slowly but continuously and as a result, country was surrounded by a series of challenges at home and in abroad. It was only with the stunning victory of Bhartiya Janata Party beginning in 2014 under the charismatic and visionary leadership of Narendra Modi, the country has en regionally and globally. Today, it holds a key position in world forums and is an influential actor in all regional emerged as an assertive nation and successfully gaining potential power and global affairs.
Born on 25th December 1958 at village Chechar, District-Vaishali, Bihar, Dr. Rajkumar Singh is Professor in the University Department of Political Science, ex- Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences and present Dean, Student's.
Welfare (DSW), at the Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University, Madhepura (Bihar). Out of 22 books published so far from Germany, Mauritius, Patna and different publishers of New Delhi, his four recent books include: Social Justice and Reservation in Indian Polity (2022), Image and Reality of Changing Pakistan (2022), Diplomacy in Afghanistan: Role of India, Pakistan, China & USA (2022), and Dimensions and Challenges of Emerging South Asia (2023). Having guided about a dozen of Ph.D. scholars, he is editorial/advisory board member of 12 foreign journals and has reviewed several research papers for foreign journals.
There are about 1000 research papers to his credit which include 160 full academic papers published from different 25 countries. Currently he is writing extensively in daily newspapers of India and 8 foreign countries. His continuous and prolific writings have made him a known and established national and international academic authority.
The position of India's foreign policy at the time of independence in 1947 was shaped by the country's colonial past, its geographical location, and its security concerns India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, laid out the guiding principles of India's foreign policy, which were known as the ""Panchsheel"" or the ""Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence."" These principles included mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, and peaceful coexistence. At the time of independence, India faced several challenges, including territorial disputes with its neighbours, Pakistan and China, and the need to establish itself as a sovereign nation in the international arena. India's foreign policy was guided by the principles of non-alignment and neutrality, which meant that India did not align itself with any major power blocs during the Cold War India sought to maintain its independence and sovereignty by keeping a distance from the great power rivalries of the time. Country's foreign policy during this period was also focused on promoting decolonization and anti-imperialism, as well as promoting regional integration and cooperation. India played an active role in the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which was a grouping of developing countries that sought to promote their interests in the international arena.
Indian foreign policy has evolved significantly over the decades and years, with a focus on maintaining strategic autonomy, promoting regional stability and economic growth, and advancing India's global interests. The key areas where India focused its foreign policy preferences include:
a. Strategic Autonomy: India's foreign policy is rooted in its desire for strategic autonomy, which means maintaining an independent foreign policy and avoiding alignment with any particular power bloc or country. The country throughout the period sought to engage with all major powers while maintaining its own interests and sovereignty:
b. Regional Stability: India's foreign policy aims to promote regional stability in South Asia, and it has taken several initiatives to this end. It has been actively involved in regional forums like SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) and BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) to promote regional cooperation, trade. and economic integration,
C Economic Growth: India's foreign policy is driven by its economic growth aspirations, with a focus on attracting foreign investment and expanding its global trade and economic ties. It has undertaken several economic reforms in recent years to improve the ease of doing business and attract foreign investment:
d. Global Influence: India is seeking to increase its global influence and is actively engaged in multilateral forums like the United Nations and G20. It is playing an increasingly important role in global issues such as climate change, terrorism, and cybersecurity.
Regional and Bilateral Relationships: India has strong bilateral relationships with several countries, including the United States, Russia, Japan, and China. It has also been engaging with its neighbors, including Pakistan and China, to promote regional stability and address common concerns. In essence, India's foreign policy is focused on promoting its own interests while maintaining good relationships with other countries and promoting regional stability and economic growth.
After the election of Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, India's foreign policy underwent significant changes and there are some key developments in all areas with special emphasis on:
a. Neighbourhood First Policy: India's focus shifted towards strengthening ties with its neighbours in South Asia. The Neighbourhood First' policy aimed to improve bilateral relations, promote regional economic integration and cooperation, and address common security challenges.
b. Act East Policy: India's 'Look East' policy was upgraded to the Act East' policy, which aimed to deepen economic, strategic, and cultural ties with the ASEAN countries and the wider Asia-Pacific region.
c. Strategic partnerships: India signed strategic partnerships with countries such as Japan. Australia, and the United States. These partnerships aimed to enhance security cooperation, promote trade and investment, and strengthen strategic ties in the Indo-Pacific region.
d. Balancing ties with China: India maintained a delicate balance in its relations with China. While it wanted to deepen economic ties with China, it also sought to assert its position on strategic issues such as the South China Sea and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.
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