Introduction
Kantian Metaphysics
Human reason has the metaphysical questions which are imposed by the reason. We cannot avoid these questions which spring from its very nature and we cannot utter answer to these questions for transcending of human reason is impossi ble. These metaphysical questions cannot be ignored. These problems are of three kinds namely problems of God, problem about self and of the whole universe. These are the three subjects of metaphysics. Traditional three parts are included in metaphysics' Rational theology, Rational psychology and Rational cosmology. Rational theology is that branch of philosophy which is concerned with the problem about God. Rational psychology involves the problem of self and Rational cosmology involves the problem of cosmos. Metaphysics is a study of the Absolute. But what is abso-lute must be unconditioned, otherwise it would be relative to certain other conditions. So it is a study of the unconditioned reality. God is taken to be unconditioned reality of all actual possi-ble thing, for these depend upon God while God is indepen-dent of all things. These are raised by reason. We have reason which does not satisfy us with the conditioned and rela-tive and give rise an urge of knowing the unconditioned and the Absolute. So we are hankering after the unconditioned and the Absolute and give explanation after explanation. For our ordinary explanations are the same in terms of the condi-tioned condition. When we get explanation in terms of uncon-ditioned condition, give permanent satisfaction and we stop there. God is the condition of all things and we stop here for it can not be explained by virture of other conditions. Reason is a search for-unconditioned, so it gives rise to metaphysic which deals with the unconditioned. That is why Kant says metaphysics are prescribed by reason itself. So we cannot ignore these questions, then we have to ignore our reason. But these questions cannot be answered by us, because they transcend our reason faculty. We cannot know the uncondi tioned things. Human reason takes place when there are certain conditions c.g. known and knowable objects are condi. tioned and unconditioned objects are unanswerable. Human reason is burdened with metaphysical questions, but the answer of it is beyond human reason. So there is a sense in which metaphysics is possible, for if it is not possible altogether, why our reason are burdened by metaphysical questions? Again, there is a sense in which metaphysics is impossible for metaphysical questions are unanswerable. So the problem in what sense metaphysics is possible and in what sense it is impossible is a great problem for philosophers to which Kant wants to offer solution. According to Kant philosophy in the sense of transcendence is impossible and in the sense of emanence is possible. In this sense the philosophy of Descartes, spinoza and Leibnitz etc. are impossible for they are concerned with transcendental entities and our reason cannot transcend itself. But the emanent philosophy which was started from Kant may give some answers out of which our reason can be satisfied Metaphysics became the battlefield of endless controversies. Why it becomes endless? Because it uncritically extends the concepts and principles beyond the range of experience. These concepts and principles of causality, substance or existance etc. are applied in two senses i.e. the transcendental application and the immanent application. When these concepts and principles are applied beyond the range of experience, it means the trans-cendental application i.e, God is the cause of the world. But when these concepts and principles are applied within experience this means immanent application e.g. The table exists' or 'Table is a substance', or 'wood is the cause of the table,' etc.
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