About The Author
Father Village AFTER. District Date of birth: Academic qualifications Dr. Sushil Choudhary Shree Ganesh Choudhary Lagma Lagma (Rambhadrapur) Darbhanga 10th January, 1967 M.A (Political Science), LN MU, Darbhanga B.Ed, Ph.D Inclination Religious and Spiritual Writings, Participation in Social, Cultural and Religious activities of the area.
Introduction
Slavery is known to have existed as early as the Shang dynasty (1811,12th century BC) in China. It has been studied thoroughly in ancient Han China (206 BC-AD 25), where perhaps 5 percent of the population was enslaved Slavery continued to be a feature of Chinese society down to the 20th century. For most of that period it appears that slaves were generated in the same ways they were elsewhere, including capture in war, slave raiding, and the sale of insolvent debtors In addition, the Chinese practiced self-sale into slavery, the sale of women and children (to satisfy debts or because the seller could not feed them), and the sale of the relatives of executed criminals. Finally, kidnapping seems to have produced a regular flow of slaves at some times. The go-between or middleman was an important figure in the sale of local people into slavery, he provided the distance that made such slaves into outsiders. for the purchasers did not know their origins. Chinese family boundaries were relatively permeable, and some owners established kinlike relations with their slaves; male slaves were appointed as heirs whennonatural offspring existed. As was also the case in other slave-owning societies, slaves in China were often luxury consumption items who constituted a drain on the economy. The reasons China never developed into a slave society are many and complex. but certainly an abundance of non-slave labour at low prices was one of the major ones. Korea had a very large slave population, ranging from a third to half of the entire population for most of the millennium between the Silla period and the mid-18th century. Most of the Korean slaves were indigenously generated. In spite of the, numbers, slaves seem to have had little impact on other institutions, and thus the society can be categorized as a slave-owning one Slavery existed in ancient India, where it is recorded in the Sanskrit Laws of Manu of the 1st century BC. The institution was little documented until the British colonials in the 19th century made it an object of study because of their desire to abolishit In 1841 there were an estimated 8,000,000 or 9,000,000 slaves in India, many of whom were agrestic or predial slaves, that is, slaves who were attached to the land they worked on but who nevertheless could be alienated from it Malabar had the largest proportion of slaves, about 15 percent of the total population. The agrestic slaves iratially were subjugated communities. The remainder of the slaves was recnated individually by purchase from dealers or parents or by self-sale of the starving, and they can be classified as household slaves Slavery in Hindu India was complicated by the slave owners' ritual need to know the ongins of their slaves, which explains why most of them were of indigenous origin Although, there were exceptions, slaves were owned primarily for prestige. Slavery was widely practiced in other areas of Asia as well. A quarter to a third of the population of some areas of Thailand and Burma were slaves in the 17th through the 19th centuries and in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, respectively. But not enough is known about them to say that they definitely were slave societies. Other societies in the Philippines, Nepal, Malaya. Indonesia and Japan are known to have had slavery from ancient until fairly recent times The same was true among the various peoples inhabiting the regions of Central Asia the peoples of Sogdiana, Khorezm, and other advanced civilizations: the Mongols, the Kalmyks, the Kazaks, and the numerous Turkic peoples. most of whom converted to Islam In the New World some of the best-documented slave-owning societies were the Klamath and Pawnee and the fishing societies, such as the Yurok, that lived along the coast from what is now Alaska to California. Life was easy in many of those societies, and slaves are known to have sometimes been consumption goods that were simply killed in potlatches. Other Amerindians, such as the Creek of Georgia, the Comanche of Texas, the Callinago of Dominica, the Tupinamba of Brazil, the Inca of the Andes, and the Tehuelche of Patagonia, also owned slaves. Among the Aztecs of Mexico, slavery generally seems to have been relatively mild. People got into the institution through sell-s. ale and capture and could buy their way out relatively easily Slaves were often used as porters in the absence of draft animals in Mesoamerica The fate of other slaves was less pleasant chattels purchased from the Mayans and others were sacrificed in massive numbers. Some of the sacrifices may have been eaten by the social elite. In England about 10 percent of the population entered in the Domesday Book in 1086 were slaves, with the proportion reaching as much as 20 percent in some places. Slaves were also prominent in Scandinavia during the Viking era. AD 800-1050, when slaves for use at home and for sale in the international slave markets were a major object of raids Slaves also were present in significant numbers in Scandinavia both before and alto the Viking era Continental Europe France, Germany, Poland Lithuania, and Russia all knew slavery. Russia was essentially founded as a by-product of sloe raiding by the Vikings passing from Scandinavia to Byzantium M the 9th century, and slavery remained a major institution there until the early 1720s, when the state converted the household slaves into house serfs in order to put them on the tax rolls. House serfs were freed from their lords by an edict of Tsar Alexander II in 1861. Many scholars argue that the Soviets reinstituted a form of state slavery in the Gulag camps that flourished until 1956. Slavery was much in evidence in the Middle East from the beginning of recorded history. It was treated as a prominent institution in the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi of c 1750 BC Slaves were present in ancient Egypt and are known to have been murdered to accompany their deceased owners into the afterlife_It once was believed that slaves built the great pyramids, but contemporary scholarly opinion is that the pyramids were constructed by peasants when they were not occupied by agriculture. Slaves also are mentioned prominently in the Bible among the Hebrews in Palestine and their neighbors.
Hindu (935)
Agriculture (118)
Ancient (1086)
Archaeology (753)
Architecture (563)
Art & Culture (910)
Biography (702)
Buddhist (544)
Cookery (167)
Emperor & Queen (565)
Islam (242)
Jainism (307)
Literary (896)
Mahatma Gandhi (372)
Send as free online greeting card
Email a Friend
Manage Wishlist