About The Book
Energy plays a significant role in the economic development of a country as it is one of the essential components in the growth of industries and other sectors like agriculture, transportation, etc. With development, the energy demand has been rising in recent years. It has also brought several challenges along with it like pollution, global warming and climate change. To overcome the energy demand and cut carbon emissions, has been increasing its capacity to generate renewable energy and reducing its dependency on conventional energy sources like fossil fuels. The present study gives a glimpse into the numerous programs and policies being implemented in India to promote the production and use of renewable energy sources including wind and solar energy. It also gives an overview of various energy efficiency initiatives being taken to reduce energy consumption, improve energy security and support sustainable economic growth.
ABOUT CREATING INTELLECTUAL HERITAGE PROJECT
It is a multi-institutional, multi-activity centered knowledge programme aimed to evolve through organic collaboration with the central universities, research institutes, centres of higher learning and various ministries of the central government which are working on social welfare programmes and various developmental initiatives. It has evolved as a development and governance-related knowledge programme to create awareness about the ongoing developmental action towards making a new India. Under this programme, dialogues, documentation, research and publication have been planned and organised by various academic institutions on various ideas and themes. Themes on various developmental activities/programmes/schemes have been identified in consultation with respective ministries. The identified institutions have been assigned two to three themes to work and explore. These institutions have been organising dialogue and documentation workshops on assigned themes after identifying related research topics. The research, discussions and publications are focussed on the social impact assessment of implementation of these activities/programmes/schemes. The final outcome of these deliberations are being produced in the form of these study reports.
Introduction
Energy is the backbone of economic growth and will continue to be so. Energy availability is essential for developing all sectors (i.e., industries, transport, residential, commercial, and agriculture). India, a developing economy, needs reliable energy to meet its growth aspirations. India's industrial sector was the most significant energy-consuming sector in 2020, consuming 38% of total energy, followed by residential (27%) and transport (15%) (IEA). While each sector's demand profile varies, they make the national energy requirement substantive. For instance, in 2010, the primary energy demand was approximately 700 Mtoe, which increased to 928 Mtoe in 2019, more than 30% in one decade. In the future, India's energy footprint is likely to rise faster than that of other developed countries as its economy continues to grow at higher rates. India's GDP is expected to grow faster than most world economies, implying significant industrial, construction, and transport growth. The economic growth will also indicate upward mobility of lower and lower-middle-income groups into middle-income groups, leading to a vast expansion of the middle class and, subsequently, higher consumption, increasing the energy requirements further. India's current annual average power consumption per capita is 1.3 MWh (2021-2022), significantly ower than the world average. This per capita power consumption vill rise as India develops (PIB, 15 December, 2022). Owing to Il these factors, according to the International Energy Agency EA), India's primary energy demand could increase to 1150-1600 Mtoe in 2040, an increase of 30-60% from 2019. This outlook means that electricity demand alone could increase by 2.2-2.6 times the current power generation. Figure 1.1: Total primary energy demand projections of India India experiences two challenges in expanding its energy story. First, the dependence on imports to meet energy requirements puts energy security at risk. Every year, India imports -80% of its oil (~200 million tons), ~50% of its gas, and ~25% of its coal requirements (MoPN&G, Coal India). Fuel imports contribute 22% of the nation's total imports (The World Bank). This import costs the country a yearly bill of approximately 165 billion USD. Second, the current primary energy sources increase India's carbon footprint. India meets most of its energy requirements from coal, oil, and biomass, which emit carbon dioxide when burned. Biomass mainly constitutes firewood and animal waste and is primarily used as a fuel for cooking in households in rural India (India Energy Outlook 2021). In 2021, India's carbon emissions were the third highest in the world at 2.5 Gt CO, (IEA -World Energy Outlook 2022). Although emissions at the per-capita level are still lower than world average and many developed countries, there is a need to decouple the economic growth and emissions increase for sustainable development. Thus, managing and balancing the rise in energy demand and required energy
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