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भारतीय नारी के विविध आयाम- Various Dimensions of Indian Women

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Specifications
Publisher: Satyam Publishing House, New Delhi
Author Edited By Babulal Meena, Asha Singh Rawat
Language: Sanskrit Text with Hindi Translation
Pages: 454
Cover: HARDCOVER
9x6 inch
Weight 680 gm
Edition: 2023
ISBN: 9788195324903
HBU650
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Book Description

Foreword

It gives me immense pleasure to write a few words about the research book titled: "भारतीय नारी के विविध आयाम" edited by Dr. Babulal Meena one of the promising scholars of present time and Dr. Asha Singh Rawat, Assistant Professor, Sanskrit, Govt. KRGPG Autonomous college, Kampu, Laskar, Gwalior (M.P). The present volume is a collection of 46 research papers by different scholars which is classified into six chapters. The first chapter of the volume is titled as "वैदिक वाङ्मय में नारीः विविध आयाम" and contains 11 papers in all which deal with feminism as described in Vedic literature. Similarly the second chapter titled "प्राचीन भारत में नारी : विविध आयाम" contains 06 papers which depict the status of women in ancient India. The third chapter titled as "संस्कृत साहित्य में नारी : विविध आयाम" contains 07 papers which depict the position of women in Sanskrit literature. The fourth chapter of the volume is titled as "हिन्दी साहित्य में नारी विविध आयाम" and it contains 07 papers which deal with the status of women in Hindi literature. The fifth chapter titled as "वर्तमान परिप्रेक्ष्य में नारी विविध आयाम" contains 05 papers which highlight the position of women in today's context. The 6th and the last chapter of the volume is titled as "विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में नारी: विविध आयाम" and it contains 10 papers in all which underline the woman-status in different fields. Since the volume is voluminous I can only brief the theme swhich will serve as a brief Introduction to the present volume. However, before that at the outset I would like to analyse the historicity of the concept of feminism in a nut-shell.

Feminism is the name given to a political movement that gathered momentum in 1960-s giving a call for 'liberation' of women from certain forms of gender-based discriminations that deprived women of the opportunities for self-promotion and equality with men simply because they were women. But the awareness that women are unjustly discriminated against and their inferior status against men has been deliberately constructed, can be traced much earlier. This phenomenon of the 20th century is a crystallization of all forms of social, political and psychological awareness that patriarchal society with its various structures and organizations is essentially hostile to women's freedom and interested in keeping them subjugated in order to perpetuate the patriarchal power and authority.

There are number of western scholars who through their books reveal the utter injustice in keeping women oppressed. For example, John Stuart Mill in "The Subjugation of Women" believed that 'the liberty of the individual is absolutely necessary for the development of society' and viewed women's freedom as an essential condition. He pleaded for their right to enter any profession or trade and their right to vote and regarded family as a corrupting influence rendering girls miserable and abject and boys selfish. Mary Wollstonecraft in "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" 'crusades for the emancipation of women devoting all her life and energy to protest against institutions that crushed women's identity. She also strongly put forward that women were exploited and victimized everywhere by virtue of their sex which was sought to be supported by gender-biased men construction of false scholarly pleas. Similarly Virginia Woolf's in "A Room of One's Own" dwells at length upon various things that a woman in English Society has been deprived of even the entry to the library of the university, simply because she is a woman. It is this image of women's independence on man for almost everything sustained by the society which she protests against. She says 'there is something wrong with society's treatment of women.

Some other significant works in this field are: The Troublesome Helpmate (1966) by Katherine R. Roger, Thinking About Women (1968) by Mary Ellmann, Sexual Politics (1969) by Kate Millett, Literature and Feminism: An Introduction (1993) by Pam Morris, The Mad Woman in the Attic: The woman writer and the 19th century literary imagination (1979) by Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory (1985) by Toril Moi, Women's Liberation and Literature (1971) by Elaine Showalter, Equality and Rights of Women (1980) by Elizabeth Wolgist and so on.

In fact, Simone de Beauvoir is accepted as the founder of modern Feminism who has given an important message with regard to the power of women through her book: 'The second sex' (Francisi 1946, English 1953). She challenged male definitions of woman and called on women to define themselves outside the male - female dyad. According to her, women must be the subject rather than the object (other) of analysis. The Postmodern Feminist Parpart Jane has rightly pointed out that "One of the most appealing aspects of post-modernism to many feminists has been its focus on difference. The notion that women have been created and defined as 'other' by men has long been argued and explored by modern feminists." Another Post-modern Feminist Moya Lloyd also adds : "A post modernist feminism does not necessarily represent a post-feminism, but alternatively, can affirm feminist politics in their plural, multivocal, fluid, oft-changing hue". By all these works there emerged many forms of feminism like the Marxist, the Derridean, the Post-structuralist, the Lacanian, the Psycho-analysis, the Hermencutical, the linguistic and the New-histiricist etc.

If we go back to Sanskrit literature as a whole even starting from the Vedic time, we may trace the position of women as extra-ordinary. Sanskrit poets have not only described the ideal forms of women as generally believed, but interestingly one can find all the aspects of modern as well as post modern concept of Feminism in Sanskrit literature starting from Vedas, Upanishads, Puaranas, Classical Sanskrit literature along with all the disciplines of modern Sanskrit literature where the praise of woman-power can be witnessed in several forms.

प्राक्कथन

ऋग्वेद विश्व के पुस्तकालय का प्रथम उपलब्ध ग्रन्थरत्न है। वेदों के अध्ययन से ज्ञात होता है कि वैदिक काल में नारियों को पुरुष के तुल्य सभी क्षेत्रों में समान अधिकार प्राप्त था। उस समय समाज में नारी का स्थान गौरवपूर्ण था। स्त्री पुरुष की सहयोगिनी और सहायिका थी। वह पुरुष के साथ यज्ञ में बैठती थी और उसे यज्ञ करने का अधिकार था। वह युद्ध में पुरुषों के साथ जाती थी और युद्ध के कार्यों में भाग भी लेती थी। (अथर्ववेद, 20/126/10) आवश्यकता पड़ने पर सेनापति का काम भी करती थी। (अथर्ववेद, 1/27/4) वे उच्च शिक्षा प्राप्त कर सकती थीं। यज्ञोपवीत पहनती थीं। वेद, शास्त्र और दर्शन पढ़ती थीं। पुरुषों के साथ शास्त्रार्थ भी करती थीं। अध्यात्म चर्चा में भी भाग लेती थीं। पुत्र के अभाव में पुत्री को राज्यशासन का काम दिया जाता था। वह गृहस्वामिनी और साम्राज्ञी होती थी (अथर्ववेद, 14/1/43) देव पूजन, अग्नि पूजन का भी पत्नी को समान अधिकार प्राप्त था (ऋ०, 8/31/1, 5/3/1) याज्ञिक कार्यों में पत्नी की उपस्थिति वांछनीय थी। (ऋग्वेद, 5/53/61, 8/35/38) स्त्रियों को यज्ञ करने का अधिकार प्राप्त था। (ऋग्वेद, 8/91/1) गोपथ ब्राह्मण में स्त्रियों को 'श्री' कहा गया है (गोपथ० पू० 1/34) जैमिनीय उपनिषद् ब्राह्मण में स्त्री को सावित्री (गायत्री) के तुल्य पवित्र माना गया है (जैमिनीय उप०ब्रा० 4/27-28)। उपनिषद् काल में भी स्त्रियाँ उच्च कोटि की विदुषी, ब्रह्मवादिनी और शास्त्रार्थ-महारथी होती थीं। (बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद्) सूत्रकाल में स्त्री शिक्षा के सम्यक् सन्दर्भ प्राप्त होते हैं। (गोभिल गृह्यसूत्र, 2/1/19-20, काठक गृह्यसूत्र, 25/23) वात्सायन के कामसूत्र से स्त्रियों के नाचना, गाना, चित्रकला आदि 64 कलाओं के सीखने का सन्दर्भ प्राप्त होता है। (कामसूत्र, 1/2/1-3) पाणिनिकाल में नारी व्याकरण का अध्ययन करने वाली होने के कारण पाणिनीया कहलाती थी। महाभाष्य से ज्ञात होता है कि स्त्रियाँ मीमांसादर्शन जैसे क्लिष्ट विषयों को भी पढ़ती थीं। रामायण, महाभारत और भागवतपुराण में स्त्रियों के शिक्षित होने के सन्दर्भप्राप्त होते हैं। महाभारत में कहा गया कि माता से बढ़कर कोई गुरु नहीं है। (महाभारत, शान्तिपर्व, 342/18) माता, पिता और गुरु के समान ही पूजनीय मानी गयी। (महाभारत, वनपर्व, 159/14) भागवतपुराण में ज्ञान और विज्ञान में निपुण दाक्षायण की दो पुत्रियों-वयुना और धारिणी का उल्लेख है। ये दोनों ब्रह्मवादिनी थी। (भागवतपुराण, 4/1/64) महाभारत में रानी विदुला का प्रबोधन प्रसिद्ध है। उसने युद्ध से विमुख हुए अपने पुत्र को क्षात्रधर्म की शिक्षा दी है। उठकर कर्म करने की शिक्षा के पश्चात् संजय ने युद्ध कर सिन्धुराज को हराया। (उद्योग पर्व, 135/29-30) वस्तुतः रामायण और महाभारत का काल स्त्रियों की विकसित अवस्था का द्योतक है। उसे सभी क्षेत्रों में समान अधिकार प्राप्त होने के सूत्र-संकेत-सन्दर्भ मिलते हैं।

स्मृतियों के अध्ययन से ज्ञात होता है कि नारी गृहस्थ का आधार होती थी। गृहिणी को ही गृह कहा गया। (बृ.परा. 05/195, 6/71) नारी को लक्ष्मी मानकर उन्हें सदा सन्तुष्ट रखने का आदेश दिया गया है। महर्षि मनु ने तो यहाँ तक कह दिया- यत्र नार्यस्तु पूज्यन्ते रमन्ते तत्र देवताः। यत्रैतास्तु न पूज्यन्ते सर्वास्तत्राफलाः क्रियाः । (मनु., 3/56) स्त्री को प्रसन्न रखने से श्रीवृद्धि और उसको असन्तुष्ट रखने से कुलनाश होना बताया गया। (बृ. परा., 6/45) स्त्रियों को सदा पवित्र और रक्षणीय कहा गया। (परा. 7, 37, बृ. परा. 6/61, 6/58, बौधायन, 2/2/61) स्मृतियों ने यह भी स्वीकार किया है कि भारतीय नारियों का अतीत बहुत उत्तम था परन्तु स्मृतियों में उन्हें उतना उन्नत नहीं प्रस्तुत किया गया है। स्त्रियों की उच्च शिक्षा की व्यवस्था नहीं थी। उन्हें राजनीति में विशेष अधिकार प्राप्त नहीं थे। स्त्रियों को अधिक विश्वसनीय साक्षी भी नहीं माना जाता था। वस्तुतः मनु के समय तक स्त्रियों को आदर का स्थान प्राप्त था। उनके चरित्र की रक्षा के लिए अनेक उपाय अपनाए गए थे। साथ ही स्मृतियों से यह भी स्पष्ट होता है कि उन्हें सामान्यतया उच्च शिक्षा के अधिकार से वंचित रखा गया था।

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