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Lecture I |
General Laws guiding the Development of Language: The different stages in the Development of Sanskrit |
1-34 |
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Preliminary |
1 |
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Sanskrit : its importance |
3 |
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Phonetic decay |
9 |
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Svasa : Nada |
10 |
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False analogies |
13 |
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Names of Objects |
14 |
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Gradual disappearance of Words |
16 |
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Three Languages of the World |
17 |
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Three Varieties of Sanskrit |
18 |
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Chief characteristics of Vedic Sanskrit; an example of Vedic Sanskrit |
22 |
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Do – of Brahmana passage; its peculiarities |
23 |
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The next stage of Sanskrit |
23 |
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The petrified or nominal stage |
24 |
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The nominal stage cultivated in philosophical writings |
25 |
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Middle stage of writing : Sanskrit of Samkaracarya |
26 |
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Change of style after samkaracarya |
26 |
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Real style of Sanskrit |
26 |
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Katyayana, his evidence about the Sanskrit style |
27 |
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Conclusion that verbal form had been obsolete and participles were used in their place |
30 |
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Places and rules in which Panini has become obsolete |
32 |
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Conclusion from this |
33 |
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Panini's Grammar contains the Middle Sanskrit and Katyayana's the Classical Sanskrit |
34 |
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Lecture II |
Pali and the Dialects of the Period |
35-78 |
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Sanskrit corrupted in course of time |
36 |
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Examples from Pali |
37 |
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Phonology of the Pali Dialect – Pronouncing a Conjunct |
38 |
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Svasa: Nada |
39 |
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No Pali consonants omitted by Pali speakers |
44 |
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Exceptions to the above |
45 |
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Changes of single consonants |
46 |
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Matra |
49 |
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Possible influence of aliens on language modification |
53 |
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Assimilation of Consonants a universal rule in Pali |
53 |
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Several words, unknown to Sanskrit, but formed Sanskrit, coming into use |
54 |
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Grammar of the pali Dialect |
54 |
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The Noun : Masculine Nouns ending in अ |
57 |
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Masculine Nouns in इ and उ |
58 |
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Masculine Nouns in ऋ |
58 |
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Masculine Nouns in a consonant |
59 |
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Feminine Nouns |
60 |
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Neuter Nouns |
61 |
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Pronouns |
61 |
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False Analogies or Generalisation : false ideas regarding some of these |
64 |
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The Verb in Pali |
65 |
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Terminations in Pali |
66 |
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The Gramaar of Asoka Inscriptions : their |
72 |
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place Examples of Asoka Inscriptions |
73 |
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resemblance of some Inscriptions in Pali to Sanskrit |
76 |
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Lecture III |
The Prakrits and the Apabhramsa |
79-133 |
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Prakrits: Vararuci's Prakrtaprakasa; Hemacandra's kosa of Desi words |
79 |
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Dandin : his Kavyadarsa; Setubandha; Vakpatiraja; Gaudavadhakavya |
80 |
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General rule that the dramatic person should speak languages of the country to which he is supposed to belong |
83 |
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Later dramatists : Sahityadarpaua |
83 |
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Points of Difference between Maharastri and Sauraseni dialects |
85 |
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Examples of above |
88 |
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Ms. of Gaudavadha |
89 |
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Phonetic changes common to pali and Prakrits |
90 |
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Phonetic changes in the Prakrits |
93 |
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Assimilation |
98 |
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Maharastri, Sauraseni, Magadh, Paisaci, Culika Paisci & c. |
103 |
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The Grammar of Prakrits |
105 |
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Masculine Nouns in अ in Prakrits |
106 |
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Masculine Nouns in इ and उ Prakrits |
106 |
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Masculine Nouns in ऋ in Prakrits |
107 |
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Masculine None in अन , अत, (pres, Parti), वत, मत &c. |
107 |
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Feminine and Neuter Nouns in prakrits |
108 |
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Pronouns in Prakrits |
108 |
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The prakrit Verb |
112 |
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Conjugations |
112 |
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Sadhyavastha and Siddhavastha dialects |
116 |
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Thadbhava, Tatsama and Desya Words; their definitions |
120 |
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Some Desva wordbecoming Tadhavavas |
121 |
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The Apabhamsa |
122 |
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An illustration of Apabhramsa |
123 |
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The Phonology of Apabhramsa |
124 |
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Declension of Apabhramsa |
125 |
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Nouns in अ in Apbhamsa |
125 |
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Nouns in इ or उ in Apabhramasa |
128 |
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Feminine Nouns in apabhramsa |
128 |
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Pronouns in Apabhramsa |
130 |
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The verb in the Apabhramsa |
131 |
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Lecture IV |
Phonology of the Vernaculars of Northern India |
134-233 |
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Nine Principal Languages in India |
135 |
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Nepali and Kashmiri not to be taken into account Old Hindi written in two dialects ; Difference between them |
135 |
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Old Hindi Written in two dialects Difference between them |
136 |
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Eight Principal Dialects in Northern India, instances of them |
137 |
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Words derived from Sanskrit from the eight Dialects |
141 |
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Distinction between the Vocabulary of the Vernaculars of N. India. |
147 |
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Distinction between modern Tatsamas, Sanskrit & c. |
148 |
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Three classes of Prakrit and newly constructed words |
149 |
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Tracing the Vernaculars from Pali and prakrits |
150 |
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Accent in Modern Vernaculars |
172 |
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The suffix ka in Panini's time to indicate littleness & c. |
180 |
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The original and Derivative Accents in the Vernaculars |
182 |
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Accent in the Hindi |
184 |
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Exceptions to the Above |
185 |
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Accent in Gujarati |
186 |
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Accent in Panjabi |
186 |
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Accent in Sindhi |
186 |
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Accent in Bengali and Oriya |
186 |
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Accent on Vernacular Terminations |
187 |
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Accent in Vernacular Compounds |
187 |
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Avoiding of the Hiatus in the Vernaculars |
188 |
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Consonantal changes in the Vernaculars |
191 |
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Interchangeableness of certain Consonants |
200 |
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Va of the Causal Terminations in the Vernaculars |
207 |
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Treatment of Sanskrit Conjuncts in the Vernaculars |
221 |
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Dentals changed to Palatals |
225 |
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Assimilation of Members of Conjuncts |
231 |
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Lecture V |
Remnants of the Older Grammatical Forms in the Northern Vernaculars |
234 - 271 |
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Case terminations in the Vernaculars |
234 |
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Pronouns in the Vernaculars |
234 |
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Personal Pronouns in the Vernaculars |
239 |
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Case terminations in the Vernaculars |
240 |
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Verb in the Vernaculars |
241 |
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Verbal Terminations: The Present |
242 |
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Verbal Terminations: The Imperative |
247 |
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Verbal Terminations: the Future |
253 |
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The past tense in the Vernaculars |
255 |
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The past Participle |
255 |
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The Present Participle in the Vernaculars |
260 |
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The Absolutive in the Vernaculars |
261 |
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Infinitive of Purpose in the Vernaculars |
262 |
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Potential participle in the Vernaculars |
262 |
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Passive in Participle in the Vernaculars |
263 |
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Causal in Participle in the Vernaculars |
264 |
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Lecture VI |
New Grammatical Formations in the Northern Vernaculars |
272-317 |
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The oblique forms |
273 |
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The oblique form in the Marathi : Five ways of taking the Obsolete forms in Marathi |
273 |
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The Oblique forms of Sindhi |
275 |
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The Oblique forms of Punjabi |
276 |
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The Oblique forms of Hindi |
276 |
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The Oblique forms of Gujarati |
276 |
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Absence of Oblique from in Bengali and Oriya |
278 |
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Nature of the Oblique form |
279 |
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Analysis of the Marathi Oblique Form |
280 |
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Analysis of the Sindhi Oblique forms |
281 |
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Hindi and Punjabi Oblique forms |
281 |
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New Terminations in the Vernaculars |
285 |
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Origin of ka in the Vernacular Terminations |
286 |
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Origin of Sa in the Vernacular Terminaions |
292 |
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The verbal forms |
305 |
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The Future Tense |
313 |
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Lecture VII |
Relations between Sanskrit, Pali, the Prakrits and the Modern Vernaculars |
318-350 |
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The Vedic dialect lost a good deal of its words: "Middle Sanskrit" |
318 |
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Pali the Sacred language of the Southern Buddhists |
318 |
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Not great difference in the dialect: Prakrits coming into importance |
319 |
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Certain scholars holding that the Prakrits were an artificiality; its refutation |
319 |
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The present practice of Desastha Brahmanas |
320 |
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Prakrits became literary and dead dialects like Sanskrit |
322 |
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Were there various dialects in the Vedic times? |
322 |
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Many uneducated persons using wrong English: instances |
325 |
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The theory is utterly untenable; contemporaneous development of Sanskrit and Prakrits an impossibility |
329 |
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Other objections – their refutation |
330 |
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Positive evidence that Sanskrit was a spoken language the evidence of Yaska |
332 |
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Panini and patanjali |
332 |
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Sanskrit Grammar the best in the world |
334 |
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Sanskrit Compounds in the language later writer using rather too many Sanskrit Compounds |
335 |
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Traces of Sanskrit expressions showing that Sanskrit in colloquial use once existed |
336 |
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Sanskrit was not the only language in the time of Katyayana and Patanjali; instances |
337 |
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Patanjali's evidence |
338 |
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Who were the Sistas without learning Panini's Grammar |
341 |
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Characters in plays – Males and Females |
345 |
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Sanskrit losing ground – after some times |
345 |
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Chronology and historical changes of the same |
347 |
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Pali people a foreign race? |
347 |
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Pali continuing for a long time as the mother tongue |
347 |
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Times of Asoka |
348 |
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Dates of Panini, katyayana and Patanjali |
349 |
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Prakrits coming into importance in the early centuries of the Christian era |
350 |
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Apabhramsa in the sixth or seventh century; Dandin kalidasa |
350 |
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Modern Vernaculars appearing about the tenth century, a Copper – plate Inscriptions of 1206 A.D. |
350 |
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Author's Farewell |
350 |
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List of Abbreviations |
351 |
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Index I |
General Index |
353 |
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Index II |
Index of Archaic and Obsolete Sanskrit Words |
360 |
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Index III |
Index of Mythological Names |
361 |
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Index IV |
Index of Ancient Writers and Works |
362 |
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Index V |
Index of Modern Scholars |
366 |
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Index VI |
Index of Sanskrit and other Words |
369-400 |
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