Sagar district is full of natural geographic terrains and exquisite beauty of nature, therefore, got its nomenclature from the Hindi word 'Sagar' which also means 'sea' or 'huge lake'. The prime reason attributed to this is the establishment of Sagar town around a huge lake. Due to the geographical setting, river and cultivable fertile land it has always been a place of attraction. Rock paintings belonging to prehistoric age, when human utilized stone artefacts, are found all around Sagar. In Pre and Proto-historic period, Sagar has been undoubtedly a prosperous region. The rich, attractive and mature pottery of Malwa culture have been excavated from Eran indicates the evolved pottery manufacturing skills. Strategically, the location of Eran is important due to huge fortification and the surrounding moat towards one side and rest three sides protected by the river. This culture did not vanish abruptly in Sagar, rather they lived happily with the people of succeeding iron manufacturing cultures and gradually the original form of culture was modifying with the passage of time.
The entire region was under 'Chedi Mahajanapada' during 6th century BCE. In due course of time, the region became a part of the Magadha Empire. In fact, the entire region comes under the Mauryan Empire during 3rd century BCE. The inscriptions of Ashoka found from Sanchi, Roopnath and Gurjara attest this fact furthermore. As a consequence of the fall of Mauryan Empire, local rulers got a hold over this region. During Shunga period, the present-day Sagar came under Vidisha region and Shaka-Satvahana also ruled over this place for quite some time.
The iron utilizing communities in Sagar region were used burnt bricks for house constructions and issued punch marked coins around 6th century BCE. These coins are punched with the symbols like Sun, Mountains, Bodhi-tree, Shadarchakra, Tree, River, Fish, Bull, Elephants, etc. which delineated their religious faiths.
The coins issued during the 2nd century BCE are inscribed with the names of towns, such as Eran, Vidisha and Tripuri. The discovery of a Male Naga statue from the Eran is belonging to 2nd Century CE, propounds the authority of Nagas rule in Eran and adjoining Sagar region.
Samudragupta defeated the Nagas and assimilated this region in to the Gupta Empire. The region remained a part of Gupta Empire from the Samudragupta to Budhagupta. The Gupta rulers had established their mints at Eran, a regional capital. Samudragupta travelled to Eran during the last years of his reign. Sagar district also witnessed the famous episode of Ramgupta and Titruvaswamni. After Budhagupta, the region came under the Huna ruler, Torman. The inscriptions and coins found from the Eran are confirmed their rule. The struggle for power between the Guptas and Hunas was continued for a longtime.
Major parts of the present-day Sagar district were under Jaijakbhukti during the early-Medieval period. Many Kalchuri rulers ruled over this region for quite sometime. An inscription of Kalchuri ruler, Shankargana has also been found here. During the middle of 8th century CE, some parts of the territory of Sagar came under the hegemony of the Rashtrakuta kings. Possibly, by the end of 11th century CE Gurjara-Pratiharas also ruled over some partsof this territory while a major part was under the reign of Chandela rulers. For a short period, Parmaras were also ruled over certain terrains of Sagar. Nonetheless, 13th century CE was the time when Sagar came under the direct rule of Muslims. After the Muslims rule, for over a century, various regional powers emerged in this region.
Sagar remained under the rule of Chandelas from the beginning of the medieval period. They constantly had a conflict for power with the Kalchuris of Tripuri and Parmaras of Malwa. In fact, in the beginning of 11th century CE, Rajput king Nihalshah of Jalon subjugated the Sagar and adjoining 330 villages. Gond ruler Sangram Shah (1488-1541 CE) established his supremacy over Sagar. The forts of Sagar were out of the 52 forts, conquered by him.
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