This is a fresh look at Panini's Grammar from the viewpoint of data analyst and resulting rule formations. The author has taken the view that Panini must be rediscovered by following the path of data analysis and explores Panini's technique and offers a fresh insight.
Languages play a very large role in modern technology. The subject matter of computer and intelligent machines requires a deep under standing of the language phenomenon. India has Panini to offer to the world in this respect and Dr. Singh is making him more palatable and fathomable as model for understanding the process of dismantling and reassembling the linguistic structures. His keen analysis of Panini's Grammatical device offers a glimmer of hope for those who would like to review the spirit of Panini rather than worship the ancient gem of human kind. It is high time and fresh and aggressive insight and idea are offered to explore Panini. Panini himself would be proud to see his work come back to life above and beyond the rote that preserved it through the ages.
About the Author:
Dr. Jag Deva Singh, taught Linguistics at Kurukshetra University, and was a Visiting Professor at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. He was Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Maharashi Dayananda University, Rohtak and Senior Research Fellow, International School of Dravidian Linguistics. Currently he is Chairman of Grammar Engine, Incorporated, Westerville, Ohio - an organization devoted to research in natural and computer languages.
He has already published A Structural Grammar of Bangru and Beginning Sanskrit and has contributed several research papers on Indian linguistics. At present he is engaged in working out Panini's views on language, his theory of linguistic analysis and technique of description.
| Foreword | xii | |
| Preface | xvii | |
| Introduction | xix | |
| 1. | Paninina Proktam | 1 |
| 1. Panini and his astadhyayi | 1 | |
| 2. Varieties of language described | 2 | |
| 3. Standard colloquial as basis of description | 2 | |
| 4. Data for analysis | 4 | |
| 5. Task before Panini | 5 | |
| 2. | Linguistic Primes | 10 |
| 1. Duality of Primes: Phonological and Grammatical | 10 | |
| 2. Grammatical Primes | 11 | |
| 3. | Formation of Stems | 13 |
| 1. Stem, a grammatical unit | 13 | |
| 2. Stem constituents | 13 | |
| 3. Internal structure | 14 | |
| 4. General features of stem formation | 15 | |
| 4. | Derivative Verbal Stems | 17 |
| 1. General | 17 | |
| 2. Bases of organization | 18 | |
| 3. Derivatives in san | 22 | |
| 4. To conclude | 24 | |
| 5. | Formation of krt Stems | 25 |
| 1. Organization of Structural Statements | 25 | |
| 2. Structural description | 27 | |
| 3. Pairing of constituents | 35 | |
| 4. Classification of constituents | 37 | |
| 5. Listing of derivatives | 45 | |
| 6. Deficient derivations | 46 | |
| 7. Non-attestation of derivatives | 47 | |
| 8. Role of meaning | 49 | |
| 9. Upapada | 53 | |
| 10. Two upapadas | 66 | |
| 11. Indeterminate Relations | 67 | |
| 6. | taddhita formation | 69 |
| 1. Structure of taddhita derivatives | 69 | |
| 2. First of the syntactically related forms | 72 | |
| 3. Endocentric and exocentric constructions | 75 | |
| 4. Specification of constituents | 76 | |
| 5. Identification of nuclear constituents | 78 | |
| 6. Listing of derivatives | 82 | |
| 7. Syntactic relations between constituents | 83 | |
| 8. Types of bases | 83 | |
| 9. Affixes | 89 | |
| 10. Structural types of taddhita affixes | 91 | |
| 11. Role of meaning | 92 | |
| 12. Organization of statements | 96 | |
| 7. | Nominal Compounds | 100 |
| 1. What is a compound? | 100 | |
| 2. Structural description: | 101 | |
| 3. Types of compounds | 102 | |
| 4. Compounds and underlying potential phrases | 109 | |
| 5. Selection of constituents | 120 | |
| 6. Order of constituents | 124 | |
| 7. Compound-like forms | 127 | |
| 8. eka-sesa | 128 | |
| 8. | Types of stems | 140 |
| 1. Verbal stems | 140 | |
| 2. Classes of verbal stems | 142 | |
| 3. Nominal stem types | 150 | |
| 9. | Pada | 161 |
| 1. pada defined | 161 | |
| 2. Role of pada in linguistic organization | 162 | |
| 3. Structure of padas | 163 | |
| 4. Structure of nominal padas | 164 | |
| 5. Inflectional Suffixes | 164 | |
| 6. Suffix alternants | 165 | |
| 7. Bases of stem groupings | 165 | |
| 8. Nominal stems and their alternation | 168 | |
| 9. Structure of verbal pada | 170 | |
| 10. vikarana suffixes | 172 | |
| 11. Characterization of distribution of vikaranas | 177 | |
| 12. Representation of syntactic Constructions | 182 | |
| 13. Augments at etc. attached to stems | 183 | |
| 14. Substitution and reduplication of stems | 184 | |
| 15. Verbal stems | 185 | |
| 16. Inflectional suffixes | 186 | |
| 17. Augments attached to suffixes | 189 | |
| 10. | Beyond pada: phrases | 192 |
| 1. General | 192 | |
| 2. Phrases | 194 | |
| 11. | Sentence and Discourse | 216 |
| 1. General | 216 | |
| 2. Structure of a sentence: | 216 | |
| 3. Expansion of core structure | 218 | |
| 4. Non-Karaka relations between nominals | 218 | |
| 5. Structure of causal sentences | 229 | |
| 6. Types of Syntactic constructions | 233 | |
| 7. How to account for the morphological shape of verbal forms here? | 235 | |
| 8. Panini cuts the Gordian knot | 236 | |
| 9. Interrogative Constructions | 237 | |
| 10. Negative syntactic constructions | 240 | |
| 11. Complex syntactic constructions | 243 | |
| 12. Structural linkage | 247 | |
| 13. Semantic relations | 261 | |
| 14. Relative position in space | 267 | |
| 15. Repetition of an action | 267 | |
| 16. In order to | 269 | |
| 17. Reason - hetu | 271 | |
| 18. Condition and consequence | 271 | |
| 19. Mutual agreement or apprehension | 273 | |
| 20. Offence against custom | 274 | |
| 21. Benediction or order | 274 | |
| 22. Signalling of a future directive etc. | 275 | |
| 23. 'Do and get' | 276 | |
| 24. Desire to get something | 276 | |
| 25. Comparison | 277 | |
| 26. Discourse | 280 | |
| 12. | Order of Constituents in Syntactic Constructions | 285 |
| 1. Nominal phrases | 285 | |
| 2. Verb phrases | 287 | |
| 3. Complex sentences and discourse | 288 | |
| 13. | Grammatical categories | 290 |
| 14. | Representation of grammatical units | 330 |
| 1. Basic speech units | 330 | |
| 2. Grammatical units and levels of representation | 331 | |
| 3. Phonological representation as basic | 336 | |
| 4. Realization of phonetic representation | 351 | |
| 5. Phonological rules | 382 | |
| 6. Symbols for various representations | 388 | |
| 7. Table of inventories | 395 | |
| 8. Terminology | 396 | |
| Appendix 1 - Contents of the astadhyayi | 399 | |
| Appendix 2 - Technical terms in the astadhyayi | 420 | |
| Appendix 3 - List of sutras referred to in the text | 440 | |
| Appendix 4 - Select Bibliography | 468 | |
| Index | 470 | |
| The Author | 484 | |
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This is a fresh look at Panini's Grammar from the viewpoint of data analyst and resulting rule formations. The author has taken the view that Panini must be rediscovered by following the path of data analysis and explores Panini's technique and offers a fresh insight.
Languages play a very large role in modern technology. The subject matter of computer and intelligent machines requires a deep under standing of the language phenomenon. India has Panini to offer to the world in this respect and Dr. Singh is making him more palatable and fathomable as model for understanding the process of dismantling and reassembling the linguistic structures. His keen analysis of Panini's Grammatical device offers a glimmer of hope for those who would like to review the spirit of Panini rather than worship the ancient gem of human kind. It is high time and fresh and aggressive insight and idea are offered to explore Panini. Panini himself would be proud to see his work come back to life above and beyond the rote that preserved it through the ages.
About the Author:
Dr. Jag Deva Singh, taught Linguistics at Kurukshetra University, and was a Visiting Professor at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. He was Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Maharashi Dayananda University, Rohtak and Senior Research Fellow, International School of Dravidian Linguistics. Currently he is Chairman of Grammar Engine, Incorporated, Westerville, Ohio - an organization devoted to research in natural and computer languages.
He has already published A Structural Grammar of Bangru and Beginning Sanskrit and has contributed several research papers on Indian linguistics. At present he is engaged in working out Panini's views on language, his theory of linguistic analysis and technique of description.
| Foreword | xii | |
| Preface | xvii | |
| Introduction | xix | |
| 1. | Paninina Proktam | 1 |
| 1. Panini and his astadhyayi | 1 | |
| 2. Varieties of language described | 2 | |
| 3. Standard colloquial as basis of description | 2 | |
| 4. Data for analysis | 4 | |
| 5. Task before Panini | 5 | |
| 2. | Linguistic Primes | 10 |
| 1. Duality of Primes: Phonological and Grammatical | 10 | |
| 2. Grammatical Primes | 11 | |
| 3. | Formation of Stems | 13 |
| 1. Stem, a grammatical unit | 13 | |
| 2. Stem constituents | 13 | |
| 3. Internal structure | 14 | |
| 4. General features of stem formation | 15 | |
| 4. | Derivative Verbal Stems | 17 |
| 1. General | 17 | |
| 2. Bases of organization | 18 | |
| 3. Derivatives in san | 22 | |
| 4. To conclude | 24 | |
| 5. | Formation of krt Stems | 25 |
| 1. Organization of Structural Statements | 25 | |
| 2. Structural description | 27 | |
| 3. Pairing of constituents | 35 | |
| 4. Classification of constituents | 37 | |
| 5. Listing of derivatives | 45 | |
| 6. Deficient derivations | 46 | |
| 7. Non-attestation of derivatives | 47 | |
| 8. Role of meaning | 49 | |
| 9. Upapada | 53 | |
| 10. Two upapadas | 66 | |
| 11. Indeterminate Relations | 67 | |
| 6. | taddhita formation | 69 |
| 1. Structure of taddhita derivatives | 69 | |
| 2. First of the syntactically related forms | 72 | |
| 3. Endocentric and exocentric constructions | 75 | |
| 4. Specification of constituents | 76 | |
| 5. Identification of nuclear constituents | 78 | |
| 6. Listing of derivatives | 82 | |
| 7. Syntactic relations between constituents | 83 | |
| 8. Types of bases | 83 | |
| 9. Affixes | 89 | |
| 10. Structural types of taddhita affixes | 91 | |
| 11. Role of meaning | 92 | |
| 12. Organization of statements | 96 | |
| 7. | Nominal Compounds | 100 |
| 1. What is a compound? | 100 | |
| 2. Structural description: | 101 | |
| 3. Types of compounds | 102 | |
| 4. Compounds and underlying potential phrases | 109 | |
| 5. Selection of constituents | 120 | |
| 6. Order of constituents | 124 | |
| 7. Compound-like forms | 127 | |
| 8. eka-sesa | 128 | |
| 8. | Types of stems | 140 |
| 1. Verbal stems | 140 | |
| 2. Classes of verbal stems | 142 | |
| 3. Nominal stem types | 150 | |
| 9. | Pada | 161 |
| 1. pada defined | 161 | |
| 2. Role of pada in linguistic organization | 162 | |
| 3. Structure of padas | 163 | |
| 4. Structure of nominal padas | 164 | |
| 5. Inflectional Suffixes | 164 | |
| 6. Suffix alternants | 165 | |
| 7. Bases of stem groupings | 165 | |
| 8. Nominal stems and their alternation | 168 | |
| 9. Structure of verbal pada | 170 | |
| 10. vikarana suffixes | 172 | |
| 11. Characterization of distribution of vikaranas | 177 | |
| 12. Representation of syntactic Constructions | 182 | |
| 13. Augments at etc. attached to stems | 183 | |
| 14. Substitution and reduplication of stems | 184 | |
| 15. Verbal stems | 185 | |
| 16. Inflectional suffixes | 186 | |
| 17. Augments attached to suffixes | 189 | |
| 10. | Beyond pada: phrases | 192 |
| 1. General | 192 | |
| 2. Phrases | 194 | |
| 11. | Sentence and Discourse | 216 |
| 1. General | 216 | |
| 2. Structure of a sentence: | 216 | |
| 3. Expansion of core structure | 218 | |
| 4. Non-Karaka relations between nominals | 218 | |
| 5. Structure of causal sentences | 229 | |
| 6. Types of Syntactic constructions | 233 | |
| 7. How to account for the morphological shape of verbal forms here? | 235 | |
| 8. Panini cuts the Gordian knot | 236 | |
| 9. Interrogative Constructions | 237 | |
| 10. Negative syntactic constructions | 240 | |
| 11. Complex syntactic constructions | 243 | |
| 12. Structural linkage | 247 | |
| 13. Semantic relations | 261 | |
| 14. Relative position in space | 267 | |
| 15. Repetition of an action | 267 | |
| 16. In order to | 269 | |
| 17. Reason - hetu | 271 | |
| 18. Condition and consequence | 271 | |
| 19. Mutual agreement or apprehension | 273 | |
| 20. Offence against custom | 274 | |
| 21. Benediction or order | 274 | |
| 22. Signalling of a future directive etc. | 275 | |
| 23. 'Do and get' | 276 | |
| 24. Desire to get something | 276 | |
| 25. Comparison | 277 | |
| 26. Discourse | 280 | |
| 12. | Order of Constituents in Syntactic Constructions | 285 |
| 1. Nominal phrases | 285 | |
| 2. Verb phrases | 287 | |
| 3. Complex sentences and discourse | 288 | |
| 13. | Grammatical categories | 290 |
| 14. | Representation of grammatical units | 330 |
| 1. Basic speech units | 330 | |
| 2. Grammatical units and levels of representation | 331 | |
| 3. Phonological representation as basic | 336 | |
| 4. Realization of phonetic representation | 351 | |
| 5. Phonological rules | 382 | |
| 6. Symbols for various representations | 388 | |
| 7. Table of inventories | 395 | |
| 8. Terminology | 396 | |
| Appendix 1 - Contents of the astadhyayi | 399 | |
| Appendix 2 - Technical terms in the astadhyayi | 420 | |
| Appendix 3 - List of sutras referred to in the text | 440 | |
| Appendix 4 - Select Bibliography | 468 | |
| Index | 470 | |
| The Author | 484 | |
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