The Basics of Indian Philosophy

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The Basics of Indian Philosophy is a comprehensive introduction to the diverse philosophical traditions of India. Covering both the orthodox (şad-darśana) schools - Nyāya, Vaišeşika, Sämkhya, Yoga, Mimämsä, and Vedanta and the heterodox systems including Cārvāka, Jainism, and Buddhism; this book provides a clear and accessible exploration of key philosophical concepts, debates, and worldviews. It also includes a discussion on the tribal or indigenous worldview, highlighting its communitarian and ecological perspectives. Designed for beginners and those seeking a foundational understanding, this book serves as an essential guide to the rich and profound heritage of Indian philosophy.

Rev. Dr. Rodinmawia Ralte is an ordained minister of the Baptist Church of Mizoram. He is currently a professor and the Dean of the Senate Centre for Extension and Pastoral Theological Research (SCEPTRE); Kolkata, as well as the Secretary of the Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College (BTESSC), Kolkata. Previously, he served as an Associate Professor of Religion at Bishop's College, Kolkata, and the North India Institute of Post Graduate Theological Studies (NIIPGTS). He also taught for several years at the Academy of Integrated Christian Studies (AICS), Aizawl. In June 2025, he will be joining AICS, Aizawl, as its Principal. His English publications include: (1) Hindus and Hindutva, (2) The Unveiled Christ of the Indian Gurus, (3) The Interface of Science and Religion, (4) Karma and Jñāna in Sankara's Advaita Vedanta, (5) Inter-Religious Relations in India, and (6) Science and Religion. In addition, he has authored seven books in Mizo. He teaches M.Th. (Religion) and supervises D.Th. students at NIIPGTS. He has edited several books in English and has published more than 30 articles in various Indian and international journals. He is married to C. Laltanpuii. and they have three children - Laldinpula Ralte, Lalruatfeli Ralte, and Vanlalawmpuii Ralte.

Why another book on Indian philosophy? With so many books already published and available in the market, what justifies the need for this one? I am aware of the numerous works on Indian philosophy that exist, but many of them are not accessible to beginners, particularly undergraduate students. For students from Tribal, Adivasi, and Dalit communities, Indian philosophy can seem daunting, and they often find it challenging to grasp the content of existing books. This is why I took on the challenge of writing a book that is authentic, academically rigorous, yet easy to read and understand for those just beginning their journey into Indian philosophy.

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to my good friend Sudhanshu of Christian World Imprints, a publisher of numerous Christian academic books. It was his idea to write this book, as he frequently received inquiries from students seeking an accessible introduction to Indian philosophy. His persistent reminders, encouragement, and gentle pushes kept me motivated to complete this project. Despite my demanding office and teaching responsibilities, and though I have taught this subject at the undergraduate level for several years, it took me nearly two years to finish this work.

I am also deeply thankful to my loving wife, C. Laltanpuii, who stood by me throughout the writing process. Her unwavering support, often staying up with me until the early hours of the morning, was a constant source of encouragement. The space, freedom, and motivation she provided were invaluable in bringing this book to life.

I hope this introductory book will serve as a helpful guide for students in general and, in particular, for those taking their first steps into the study of Indian philosophy.

May God be exalted in the highest.

Indian philosophy, with its rich diversity of thought and tradition, represents a profound intellectual legacy that has shaped the spiritual, ethical, and metaphysical aspects of life for millennia. It offers multiple perspectives on the nature of existence, consciousness, and the universe, each offering a unique lens to view the world and human experience. This book, The Basics of Indian Philosophy, aims to provide an accessible yet comprehensive introduction to the essential philosophical systems of India, allowing readers to engage with the core ideas that have shaped this ancient tradition.

Why ""Basics""?

The choice of the word ""Basics"" in the title is deliberate. It signifies that this work focuses on the core philosophical systems and concepts that form the bedrock of Indian philosophical thought. The term implies that the book will offer a starting point, an entry into the world of Indian philosophy, without delving into overly complex or specialized discussions. Just as the foundation of a building supports everything above it, understanding the basic philosophies of India is crucial for comprehending the diverse intellectual traditions that have emerged over centuries.

By focusing on the foundational aspects, the book intends to lay the groundwork for readers who are new to Indian philosophy, providing them with a solid grasp of its key systems and ideas. This foundational exploration will serve as a gateway for those who wish to further their studies in the subject or simply gain a deeper understanding of the philosophical outlook that has influenced countless individuals and cultures worldwide.

Aims and Scope of the Book

In this book, I have chosen to explore six key philosophical systems (sad-darśana) that represent the major strands of orthodox Hindu thought, alongside other significant philosophical traditions that have contributed to the intellectual diversity of India. These include: The Six Orthodox Schools (sad-darsana): These schools of thought - Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sämkhya, Yoga, Mimärmsā, and Vedanta offer distinct interpretations of the nature of reality, knowledge, and liberation. Each system, while unique, contributes to a broader understanding of life's ultimate purpose and the relationship between the individual and the cosmos. Buddhist Philosophy: Founded by Siddhārtha Gautama, the Buddha, this philosophy introduces key concepts such as anatta (non-self), dukkha (suffering), impermanence, and the path to Nirvana. While Buddhism shares cultural and historical roots with Hinduism, it presents a distinctive approach to suffering, liberation, and the nature of the self. Jain Philosophy: Jainism offers a unique worldview, emphasizing non-violence (ahimsa), self-discipline, and the pursuit of liberation through right knowledge, right faith, and right conduct. Jain philosophy introduces the concept of anekäntavāda (non-absolutism), which asserts that truth can be understood from multiple perspectives. Cārvāka Philosophy: This materialist school of thought challenges religious and metaphysical claims, focusing on direct perception as the only mean of knowledge. It offers a counterpoint to the more theistic and metaphysical schools, advocating for a rational, empirical approach to life. Tribal Worldview: The tribal philosophies of India, with their emphasis on communitarianism and interconnectedness between God, humans, and nature, provide an essential perspective on ecological balance and spiritual harmony.

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