Time present and time past are both perhaps in time future T. S. Eliot What I see in Nature is a magnificent structure that we can comprehend only very imperfectly, and that must fill a thinking person with a feeling of humility. This is a genuinely religious feeling that has nothing to do with mysticism,"
-Albert Einstein
Human beings have two streams of thought: one to understand the 'nature', ie, the physical world including plants, animals and all things that are not made by people; and the other one to mold an ethical 'society'. Isaac Newton (1685) had open the door of natural science; Rousseau (1762) claimed: 'The social order is a sacred right which is the basis of all other rights. This right does not come from nature, and must be found on conventions. Thus two kinds of sciences arisen: natural science, and social science (history, economics, political science, and others). Science is a process a series of actions that are done to achieve a particular end for study or knowledge of the natural and social world, based on observation and experiment. Science enriching the knowledge of educated persons has existed for five hundred years; as the sources of economic technique for three hundred years. In this brief period it has been a powerful force; and scientists have established a fair degree of consensus among their communities.
Natural science proceeds by two way: Reductionism, and Structuralism, (also known as Systemic). Explaining a complex 'thing consisting of many different and connected parts, not easy to understand can be reduced into constituents and analyze those one by one: that is an action of reductionism. Biology, for example, depends on chemistry, chemistry is merely the physics of molecules and atoms; atoms are made out of electrons and nuclei, nuclei contain protons and neutrons; and protons and neutrons seem to be made of quacks. Natural science studies all those one by one, as well as at their highest level; te. their totality, In the words of Nobel laureate P. W. Anderson, 'More is Different". The constituents of a given thing have certain relationships among themselves with the thing. The set of these relationships is known as the system. Study of the system, not the individual elements as such, is known as systemic, alias structuralism.
Evolution of Social Science: The concept of an atom as an indivisible component of nature was first proposed by carly Indian and Greek philosophers. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, chemists provided a physical basis for this idea. Newton worked with that premise under nature. The founder of classical economics, Adam Smith (1723-1790) was searching for a methodology appropriate for his works on a vast field extended from astronomy, jurisprudence, ethics, literature, to the political economy. He preferred the Newtonian method of 'didactic' discourse rather than that of Aristotle, or of Descartes. The distinctive feature of Newton's work was in the fact that he sought to establish scientific principles in a certain way. Those interested in the scientific study of mankind at this time were eager to apply the Newtonian vision to a new sphere, and to employ the experimental method as an aid to the discourse of those laws which govern the behavior of man in the society.
Smith proceeded to explain complex problems in terms of a small numbers of basic principles, and each conformed to the requirement of the Newtonian method in the broad sense of the term. All three of his works, i.c. ethics, jurisprudence, and economics, make use of the typical hypothesis that the principles of human nature can be taken as constant. The works of Smith made a degree of systemic though of such a kind as to reveal a great capacity for model-building, and to delineate the boundary of a single system of though, of which there separate subjects were the component parts. 'It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest'. Smith observed this day-to-day fact of human life. He constructed a model of the economy from this simple observation: people buy and sell commodities in market, for their own interest.
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