Hindu philosophy is traditionally divided into six astika schools of thought, or darsanam, which accept the Vedas as supreme revealed scriptures. Three other nastika schools don't draw upon the Vedas as the sole primary authoritative text, but may emphasise other traditions of thought. The astika schools are: Samkhya, an atheistic and strongly dualist theoretical exposi-tion of consciousness and matter. Yoga, a school emphasising meditation, contemplation and liberation. Nyaya or logic, explores sources of knowledge. Nyaya Sutras. Vaisheshika, an empiricist school of atomism Mima?sa, an anti-ascetic and anti-mysticist school of orthop-raxy Vedanta, the last segment of knowledge in the Vedas, or the 'Jnan' (knowledge) 'Kanda' (section). Vedanta came to be the dominant current of Hinduism in the post-medieval period. The nastika schools are (in chronological order): Carvaka Ajivika Jainism Buddhism However, medieval philosophers like Vidyara nya classify Indian philosophy into sixteen schools, where schools belonging to Saiva, Panini and Rasesvara thought are included with others, and the three Vedantic schools Advaita, Vishishtadvaita and Dvaita (which had emerged as distinct schools by then) are classified separately. In Hindu history, the distinction of the six orthodox schools was current in the Gupta period "golden age" of Hinduism. With the disappearance of Vaisheshika and Mimamsa, it was obsolete by the later Middle Ages, when the various sub-schools of Vedanta (Dvaita "dualism", Advaita Vedanta "non-dualism" and others) began to rise to prominence as the main divisions of reli-gious philosophy. Nyaya survived into the 17th century as Navya Nyaya "Neo-Nyaya", while Samkhya gradually lost its status as an independent school, its tenets absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta. Samkhya Samkhya is the oldest of the orthodox philosophical systems in Hinduism. It espouses dualism between consciousness and matter by postulating two "irreducible, innate and independent realities 1) consciousness itself or Purusha (Sanskrit self, atma or soul) 2) primordial materiality or Prakriti (creative agency or energy)". The unconscious primordial materiality, Prakriti con-sists of varying levels of three dispositions or categories of quali-ties (gunas) activity (rajas), inactivity (tamas) and harmony (sattva). An imbalance in the intertwined relationship of these three dispositions causes the world to evolve from Prakriti. This evolution from Prakriti causes the creation of 23 constituents, including intellect (buddhi, mahat), ego (ahamkara) and mind (manas). Samkhya theorises the existence of are many living souls (Jeevatmas) who possess consciousness, but denies the existence of Ishvara(God).
1. Introduction 2. Samkhya [Universe of Realities] 3. Raja yoga [Classical Yoga] 4. Nyaya 5. Vaisheshika 6. Mimamsa 7. Vedanta 8. The Upanishads 9. Hinduism-Base Philosophy 10. Hindu Revivalism 11. Who is a Hindu? 12. Hindutva 13. Hindu Denominations 14. Brahma Sutras 15. Bhakti and Moksha 16. Asceticism 17. Sannyasa
Dr. P.D. Hegde is a Freelance Writer. He is an M.Sc. from Karnatak University, and he has also completed his M.A. from the same University. Mr. Hegde has written books on subjects like, Education, Yoga, Personality Development, Psychology, Agriculture, History, Religion, Etc. Presently, being a freelance writer Mr. Hegde has written [published books] more than 135 books. [Among them 100 books are in English, and 35 books are in Kannada. About 21 Books are yet to be published.] His popular books are, Modern Psychology, Yoga the Spirit of Life, History of India, Criminology, Agro-Chemistry, History of Inventions, Amazing Animals, Prostitution the Curse of Life, Easy Methods to Learn About Computers, The Great Legends of East India, The Biography of Great Indians, Romantic Poets,.. Etc. Mr Hegde has also worked as a Lecturer in a Degree college [Bangalore] for few years. At present Mr Hegde is engaged in writing books related to di erent subjects.
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